Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that is rich in xanthones, utilized as health supplements or additives in food products due to their high antioxidant activities. Choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with polyalcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediols, and butanediols) as hydrogen bonding donors (HBDs) were used to extract the xanthones from the pericarp of mangosteen. DESs with 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,2-butanediol as HBDs (ChCl to HBD mole ratio of 1:3) afforded the highest extraction yields (2.40-2.63%) of α-mangostin, the most abundant component that represents xanthones. These DESs have intermediate Nile Red polar parameter values similar to that of ethanol and provide extraction yields with a quadratic dependence on the polar parameter. Polarity and viscosity, the important physicochemical properties to consider in the selection of DES as an extraction solvent, could be adjusted based on the consideration of the molecular structure of the polyalcohols. The following factors qualifies the ChCl-1,2-propanediol DES as a designer solvent for green extraction: It is selected from a set of DESs having a homologous class of HBDs to deliver the highest α-mangostin extraction yield, its extract composition similar to that obtained using ethanol, it has low or negligible vapor pressure, both of its components are generally recognized as safe chemicals so that direct utilization of a DES extract is possible, and this DES is used for utilization of agricultural waste products as the resource of bioactive compounds.
Highlights
Mangosteen is a tropical fruit tree that grows in Southeast Asia
The density data obtained was used to calculate extraction yields, while the polarity and viscosity data was measured to see the effect of these physicochemical properties on the mangostin extraction yields
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared by mixing choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and a polyalcohol as the hydrogen bonding donors (HBDs), in three mole ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), until a homogenous solution was obtained
Summary
Mangosteen is a tropical fruit tree that grows in Southeast Asia. Phytochemical studies have shown that the mangosteen pericarp, which is a biomass waste, contains secondary metabolites, e.g., oxygenated and prenylated xanthones [2]. The most abundant xanthone in the mangosteen pericarp is α-mangostin, while other xanthones are present in less amounts (γ-mangostin, β-mangostin, gartanin, and 8-deoxygartanin) [7]. Polyphenol substances, such as xanthones, extracted from plant or agriculture waste product, have been utilized as antioxidant food supplements. Xanthones in the form of mangosteen pericarp powder have been added to dark and compound chocolates [8]
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