Abstract
The development of efficient and low-cost wastewater treatment processes remains an important challenge. A microaerobic up-flow oxidation ditch (UOD) with micro-electrolysis by waterfall aeration was designed for treating real municipal wastewater. The effects of influential factors such as up-flow rate, waterfall height, reflux ratio, number of stages and iron dosing on pollutant removal were fully investigated, and the optimum conditions were obtained. The elimination efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) reached up to 84.33 ± 2.48%, 99.91 ± 0.09%, 93.63 ± 0.60% and 89.27 ± 1.40%, respectively, while the effluent concentrations of COD, NH4+-N, TN and TP were 20.67 ± 2.85, 0.02 ± 0.02, 1.39 ± 0.09 and 0.27 ± 0.02 mg l−1, respectively. Phosphorous removal was achieved by iron–carbon micro-electrolysis to form an insoluble ferric phosphate precipitate. The microbial community structure indicated that carbon and nitrogen were removed via multiple mechanisms, possibly including nitrification, partial nitrification, denitrification and anammox in the UOD.
Highlights
Eutrophication due to the excess nutrients emission including nitrogen and phosphorus into surface water sources has royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsos R
The average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency increased from 78.38 ± 3.37% to 84.98 ± 2.44%, and the average effluent COD concentration decreased from 27.40 ± 1.78 to 19.05 ± 1.05 mg l−1
To treat real municipal wastewater, a microaerobic up-flow oxidation ditch (UOD) coupled with iron–carbon micro-electrolysis with waterfall aeration was designed
Summary
Eutrophication due to the excess nutrients emission including nitrogen and phosphorus into surface water sources has royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsos R. To further address the shortcomings of those traditional nitrogen removal methods, new principles and strategies have been proposed, such as partial nitrification–denitrification [8,9,10,11], anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) [12,13,14], and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) [15,16,17] These approaches are based on the fact that ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) convert ammonium into an intermediary compound, nitrite, which is transformed to nitrogen gas by autotrophic denitrification, heterotrophic denitrification and anammox [18,19]. These processes have been proven to be more energy-efficient than existing alternatives
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