Abstract
between populations, we found that total nectar production had no effect on seed production at either site. The daily nectar secretion rate of 0.3‐0.65 mg sugar per flower per 1‐3 days was low relative to other hummingbird-adapted Penstemon species (typical range: 1.5‐5 mg sugar per flower), and it might be intermediate between hummingbird- and bee-adapted Penstemon flowers. Our results support the hypothesis about a shift toward hummingbird pollination, and provide an example of a ‘despecialized’ Penstemon species, which attracts high-energy pollinators (hummingbirds) and profits from outcrossing, but retains bee-syndrome floral traits and low sugar production rates.
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