Polineuropatías

Abstract

Polyneuropathies are defined by the generalized involvement and dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system, generating combinations of symptoms such as hypoesthesia, dysesthesia, or weakness that usually starts in the distal regions of the limbs as well as dysautonomia symptoms such as orthostatism and gastroparesis. The peripheral nerve consists of highly specialized, very long nerve cells. These factors make it especially vulnerable to a variety of metabolic, infectious, toxic, autoimmune, and even paraneoplastic factors, which may affect its function and structure. Therefore, the mechanisms that lead to the onset of polyneuropathy and its symptoms are heterogeneous. The diagnostic process for polyneuropathies should include all of these diverse possibilities. Therefore, in addition to a detailed case history and neurological and physical examination, it is often necessary to combine multiple sophisticated analytical determinations, neurophysiological studies, cerebrospinal fluid studies, and even a peripheral nerve biopsy in order to determine the final etiology. Despite this, the rate of idiopathic polyneuropathy is often high. Specific treatment, when possible, as well as the prognosis depend in large part on the underlying cause. However, the treatment of symptoms such as neuropathic pain or dysautonomia are common in most polyneuropathies.