Abstract
Residential macrophages in adipose tissue play a pivotal role in the development of inflammation not only within this tissue, but also affect the proinflammatory status of the whole body. Data on human adipose tissue inflammation and the role of macrophages are rather scarce. We previously documented that the proportion of proinflammatory macrophages in human adipose tissue correlates closely with non-HDL cholesterol concentrations. We hypothesized that this is due to the identical influence of diet on both parameters and decided to analyze the fatty acid spectrum in cell membrane phospholipids of the same individuals as a parameter of the diet consumed. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophages were isolated from human adipose tissue (n = 43) and determined by flow cytometry as CD14+CD16+CD36high and CD14+CD16−CD163+, respectively. The spectrum of fatty acids in phospholipids in the cell membranes of specimens of the same adipose tissue was analyzed, and the proportion of proinflammatory macrophage increased with the proportions of palmitic and palmitoleic acids. Contrariwise, these macrophages decreased with increasing alpha-linolenic acid, total n-3 fatty acids, n-3/n-6 ratio, and eicosatetraenoic acid. A mirror picture was documented for the proportion of anti-inflammatory macrophages. The dietary score, obtained using a food frequency questionnaire, documented a positive relation to proinflammatory macrophages in individuals who consumed predominantly vegetable fat and fish, and individuals who consumed diets based on animal fat without fish and nut consumption. he present data support our hypothesis that macrophage polarization in human visceral adipose tissue is related to fatty acid metabolism, cell membrane composition, and diet consumed. It is suggested that fatty acid metabolism might participate also in inflammation and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Highlights
Despite large-scale and successful treatment of two major risk factors of atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol concentration, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death
Monocytes released from the spleen [4] to blood circulation are partly caught in adipose tissue, and local inflammation leading to increased immune cell migration may accelerate this process
We recently showed that the proportion of metabolically normally stimulated macrophages in human adipose tissue is positively related to body mass index (BMI) [9], age [10], and is very closely positively related to non-high-density lipoprotein HDL) cholesterol concentration [11]
Summary
Despite large-scale and successful treatment of two major risk factors of atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol concentration, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death. This is most likely due to the continuous increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide [1,2] and, at the same time, to visceral ectopic fat enlargement associated with increasing proinflammatory status. It has been repeatedly shown that residential macrophages in adipose tissue. It has been repeatedly proven that adipose tissue inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis progression [6]. There is a widely recognized theory that this effect is mostly indirect due to the production of adhesive and proinflammatory cytokines by residential macrophages, as well as adipocytes [7]
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