Abstract
Between 1960 and 1990, 95% of the black rhino population in the world was killed. In South Africa, a rhino was killed every 8 h for its horn throughout 2016. Wild animals, rhinos and elephants, in particular, are facing an ever increasing poaching crisis. In this paper, we review poaching detection technologies that aim to save endangered species from extinction. We present requirements for effective poacher detection and identify research challenges through the survey. We describe poaching detection technologies in four domains: perimeter based, ground based, aerial based, and animal tagging based technologies. Moreover, we discuss the different types of sensor technologies that are used in intruder detection systems such as: radar, magnetic, acoustic, optic, infrared and thermal, radio frequency, motion, seismic, chemical, and animal sentinels. The ultimate long-term solution for the poaching crisis is to remove the drivers of demand by educating people in demanding countries and raising awareness of the poaching crisis. Until prevention of poaching takes effect, there will be a continuous urgent need for new (combined) approaches that take up the research challenges and provide better protection against poaching in wildlife areas.
Highlights
Throughout 2016, every 8 h, a rhino was killed for its horn in South Africa alone
Sensor nodes with attached to a fence movement accelerometers from body people under foliage; Passive Infrared (PIR), passive infrared; False Alarm Rate (FAR), false alarm rate; RADAR, radio detection and ranging; Ultra Wide Band (UWB), ultra wide band; Global Positioning System (GPS), global positioning system; Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), radio-frequency identification
The authors tackled the trade-off between energy efficiency and surveillance performance by adaptively adjusting the sensitivity of the system
Summary
An elephant is currently killed every 20 min each day. The poaching statistics total up to 1054 rhino deaths in a population of roughly 25,000 [1,2,3] and. 27,000 elephant deaths in a population of roughly 377,000 [4]. The elephant population is currently rapidly shrinking with 8% per year continent-wide [4]. The best solution to poaching is the eradication of demand for rhino horn, ivory, and other wildlife products [6]. Until the demand has successfully been eradicated, it remains critically important to protect the ever more fragile wildlife populations against poachers. Because there is a large overlap with intruder detection and border patrol, we include these areas in the survey
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