Abstract
Reward-seeking and aversion-deterrence behaviors are mediated in part by the locus coeruleus (LC) [1, 2], a brainstem structure significantly involved in the stress response and learning and memory. The LC signals opposing valences via two different firing modes: tonic and phasic. Specifically, high tonic and phasic LC activation signal negative and positive valence, respectively [1, 2]. The basolateral amygdala (BLA), an important structure downstream of the LC, particularly for the formation of fear memories [2, 3], has been suggested to signal opposing valences [4].
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