PM2.5 induces liver fibrosis via triggering ROS-mediated mitophagy

Abstract

BackgroundThe increasing epidemic of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a serious threat to human health. It induces the occurrence of liver fibrosis, but its molecular mechanism is not yet clear. The molecular mechanisms of PM2.5 inducing liver fibrosis were investigated in this study. MethodsThe cell viability of LX-2 cells and primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was detected using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)−2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In vitro enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect the concentrations of antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) was determined by JC-1 dye. Knockdown of Parkin was carried out by Parkin-specific siRNA transfection. Relative mRNA and protein expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. ResultsPM2.5 activated LX-2 cells and primary HSCs, inducing the liver fibrosis along with down-regulation of the gelatinases MMP-2, and up-regulation of myofibroblast markers collagen type I and α-SMA. The levels of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), as well as the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly up-regulated in LX-2 cells and primary HSCs treated with PM2.5. Also, the enzymatic antioxidants levels were disturbed by PM2.5. Furthermore, PM2.5 decreased the MTP, releasing cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol. The dynamics of mitochondria were regulated by PM2.5 via facilitating mitochondrial fission. The excess ROS induced by PM2.5 triggered the mitophagy by activating PINK1/Parkin pathway, and inhibition of mitophagy induced by PM2.5 diminished the liver fibrosis. ConclusionPM2.5 may induce mitophagy via activating PINK1/Parking signal pathway by increasing ROS, thereby activating HSCs and causing liver fibrosis.