Pluralism, Freedom, And Human Nature

Abstract

Abstract In this chapter, I sketch Berlin’s model of human nature and society, with particular emphasis on his theory of moral pluralism and freedom of will. The point is to show that regardless of his critique of fixed theories of human nature, Berlin’s political liberalism is supported by a model of human nature. His aim has been to criticize the tenets within the Western tradition and models of human nature and society which he believes have lent support to authoritarian rule not only in this century, but since ancient times. The central antagonists in Berlin’s work are the ‘single-minded momsts’ mentioned in the quotation above, as well as their political minions. He has consistently sought to undermine the ideologies of those ‘ruthless fanatics’, all too common in this century, who seek perfection in politics because they believe in a vision of a perfect, wholly harmonious, moral order. Like the robin in the fable, Berlin is a maverick. His critique of monism in moral and political thought in effect gives the rationalise thought-kettle one swift kick. In this thought-kettle are brewed at least two principles.