Plethora of relativistic charged spheres: The full spectrum of Guifoyle’s static, electrically charged spherical solutions

Abstract

We show that Guilfoyle's exact solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations for spherical symmetric static electrically charged matter with a Reissner-Nordstr\"om exterior possess a bewildering plethora of different types of solutions. For the parameter space of the solutions we use two normalized variables, $q^2/R^2$ and $r_0/R$, where $q$ is the total electric charge, $r_0$ is the radius of the object, and $R$ is a length representing the square root of the inverse energy density of the matter. The two other parameters, the mass $m$ and the Guilfoyle parameter $a$, both dependent on $q$, $r_0$ and $R$, are analyzed in detail. The full parameter space of solutions $q^2/R^2\times r_0/R$ is explored with the corresponding types of solutions being identified and analyzed. The different types of solutions are regular charged stars, including charged dust stars and stars saturating the Buchdahl-Andr\'easson bound, quasiblack holes, regular charged black holes with a de Sitter core, regular black holes with a core of phantom charged matter, other exotic regular black holes, Schwarzschild stars, Schwarzschild black holes, Kasner spacetimes, pointlike and planar naked singularities, and the Minkowski spacetime. Allowing for $q^2<0$, in which case it is not possible to interpret $q$ as electric charge, also yields new solutions, some of which are interesting and regular, others are singular. Some of these types of solutions as well as the matter properties have been previously found and studied, here the full spectrum being presented in a unified manner.