Platinum Nanoparticles in Biomedicine: Preparation, Anti-Cancer Activity, and Drug Delivery Vehicles.

Atena Abed,Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran,Mina Homayonfal,Merat Karimi,Farnaz Farzaneh Dehkordi,Hamidreza Soleimanpour,Matin Shirazinia,Maryam Derakhshan,Sadegh Dehghani,Hamed Mirzaei,Seyed Abbas Mirzaei,Michael R Hamblin

doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.797804

Abstract

Cancer is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, excluding infectious disease. Because of their lack of specificity in chemotherapy agents are used for cancer treatment, these agents have severe systemic side effects, and gradually lose their therapeutic effects because most cancers become multidrug resistant. Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are relatively new agents that are being tested in cancer therapy. This review covers the various methods for the preparation and physicochemical characterization of PtNPs. PtNPs have been shown to possess some intrinsic anticancer activity, probably due to their antioxidant action, which slows tumor growth. Targeting ligands can be attached to functionalized metal PtNPs to improve their tumor targeting ability. PtNPs-based therapeutic systems can enable the controlled release of drugs, to improve the efficiency and reduce the side effects of cancer therapy. Pt-based materials play a key role in clinical research. Thus, the diagnostic and medical industries are exploring the possibility of using PtNPs as a next-generation anticancer therapeutic agent. Although, biologically prepared nanomaterials exhibit high efficacy with low concentrations, several factors still need to be considered for clinical use of PtNPs such as the source of raw materials, stability, solubility, the method of production, biodistribution, accumulation, controlled release, cell-specific targeting, and toxicological issues to human beings. The development of PtNPs as an anticancer agent is one of the most valuable approaches for cancer treatment. The future of PtNPs in biomedical applications holds great promise, especially in the area of disease diagnosis, early detection, cellular and deep tissue imaging, drug/gene delivery, as well as multifunctional therapeutics.

Highlights

Cancer is the main cause of human mortality excluding infectious disease (Siegel et al, 2021; Sung et al, 2021)
The production of metal NPs in chemical solutions via diverse chemical reactions is defined as chemical preparation
One chemical process is known as nucleation, and it primarily requires the use of water-soluble metal cations as a precursor that can be reduced to form metal atoms (Quinson and Jensen, 2020)

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Cancer is the main cause of human mortality excluding infectious disease (Siegel et al, 2021; Sung et al, 2021). The anti-cancer activity of NPs can be improved by the use of external energy sources, for example hyperthermia can be produced by applying magnetic fields or infrared radiation (Tseng et al, 2014; Bloch et al, 2021). When NPs are stimulated with external energy, they can produce reactive oxygen species which can destroy the cancer cells and interact with the tumor environment, including stroma and blood vessels, and inhibit tumor development (Kankala et al, 2020; Bloch et al, 2021; Saitoh et al, 2021). Metallic and metal oxide NPs can be produced and modified with a variety of chemical functional groups as needed They can be conjugated with biological molecules (antibodies, nucleic acids or peptides), targeting ligands, and anticancer drugs using appropriate functionalization strategies (Fu et al, 2020; Oliveira et al, 2020; Patel et al, 2020; Zeng et al, 2020).

Physical Methods

Chemical Methods

Biological Methods

Findings

CONCLUSION