Abstract
Recent progress in the industrial development of dental implants has improved their surface bio-affinity, while clinical implantologists attempt to improve it through coating with various compounds, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in clinical settings. However, it is poorly understood how PRP acts on titanium surfaces. To validate this surface modification method and demonstrate how platelet-derived soluble biomolecules released from the activated adherent platelets act on plain, commercially pure-titanium (cp-Ti) plates, we evaluated the distribution of biomolecules by immunofluorescence. PPARγ, PDGF-B, and TGFβ1 were similarly released at immunofluorescence levels from activated adherent platelets, retained in the surrounding extra-platelet spaces for a while, and did not immediately diffuse away to distant spaces. Exogenously added CaCl2 augmented release and retention of those biomolecules along with activation and aggregation. Taken together with our previous data regarding platelet adhesion, these findings suggest that especially when treated with CaCl2, platelets immediately adhere on cp-Ti plates to release their stored biomolecules in the absence of plasma proteins and that these biomolecules do not diffuse away, but stay longer in extra-platelet spaces around the platelets by newly formed, immature fibrin fiber fragments. Consequently, these retained biomolecules are anticipated to cooperatively stabilize implants by stimulating alveolar bone regeneration and integration.
Highlights
Among the various materials, titanium has been used as the most favorable material for dental implants [1,2,3]
To investigate the interaction between the titanium surface and the platelet-rich plasma (PRP), especially the platelets, and validate the use of PRP for surface modification, in a previous study [19], we identified the major adhesion molecules involved in human platelet adhesion and activation on commercially pure titanium plates
TGFβ1, and a transcription factor, i.e., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), because the anti-inflammatory effects of PRP are recently thought to be mediated by PPARγ [20,21,28]
Summary
Titanium has been used as the most favorable material for dental implants [1,2,3]. This is based on the advantages that titanium has, such as relatively higher corrosion resistance and higher bio-inertness and bio-affinity. The bio-inertness is hardly anticipated to augment bio-integration between titanium implants and the surrounding soft and bone tissues. In the past two decades, many efforts, mainly on the industrial side, have been made to overcome this possible shortcoming and improve bio-integration, especially osseointegration. Hybridization techniques with other materials, such as calcium phosphates, were recently introduced to improve the bio-affinity of implants to bone. The hybrid implants have been increasingly accepted by many clinical implantologists
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