Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common and deadliest cancer type globally. Its early diagnosis can guarantee a five-year survival rate. Unfortunately, application of the available diagnosis methods such as computed tomography, chest radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, low-dose CT scan, bone scans, positron emission tomography (PET), and biopsy is hindered due to one or more problems, such as phenotypic properties of tumours that prevent early detection, invasiveness, expensiveness, and time consumption. Detection of lung cancer biomarkers using a biosensor is reported to solve the problems. Among biosensors, optical biosensors attract greater attention due to being ultra-sensitive, free from electromagnetic interference, capable of wide dynamic range detection, free from the requirement of a reference electrode, free from electrical hazards, highly stable, capable of multiplexing detection, and having the potential for more information content than electrical transducers. Inspired by promising features of plasmonic sensors, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) such as ultra-sensitivity, single particle/molecular level detection capability, multiplexing capability, photostability, real-time measurement, label-free measurement, room temperature operation, naked-eye readability, and the ease of miniaturisation without sophisticated sensor chip fabrication and instrumentation, numerous plasmonic sensors for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers have been investigated. In this review, the principle plasmonic sensor is explained. In addition, novel strategies and modifications adopted for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers such as miRNA, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratins, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using plasmonic sensors are also reported. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of the plasmonic biosensors for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers are highlighted.
Highlights
Lung cancer is the major cause of death among all cancer types globally [1,2]
Despite the capability of the three types of plasmonic biosensors to detect the lung carcer biomarkers, many issues need to be addressed before these techniques can be applied outside laboratory environments
The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human exhaled breath is expected to provide more promising non-invasive means of lung cancer diagnosis compared to other biomarkers
Summary
Lung cancer is the major cause of death among all cancer types globally [1,2]. The. Due to the limitations of the conventional methods, the biomarker-based detection of lung cancer has attracted significant attention. This is reliably achieved using biosensors in a non-invasive, real-time, sensitive, specific, stable, and cheap manner [5]. Another nanoparticle-based technique, SERS, employs the huge production of an electric field at the resonance condition for its sensing application [34] These techniques feature label-free measurement capability, which, in addition to its better resolution, allows for rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of lung cancer biomarkers using simpler detection processes and cheaper designs compared to labelled measurements [31,32,33]. Recent challenges and additional opportunities for developing effective plasmonic biosensors for early screening, monitoring, and diagnosis of lung cancer are discussed
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