Plasma factor D is cross-sectionally associated with low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease: The Maastricht study

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Background and aimsThe complement system, particularly the alternative complement pathway, may contribute to vascular damage and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated the association of factor D, the rate-limiting protease in alternative pathway activation, with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. MethodsIn 2947 participants (50.6% men, 59.9 ± 8.2 years, 26.5% type 2 diabetes [T2D], oversampled) we measured markers of low-grade inflammation (LGI, composite score, in SD) and, endothelial dysfunction (ED, composite score, in SD), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT, μm), ankle-brachial index (ABI), CVD (yes/no) and plasma concentrations of factor D (in SD). Associations were estimated using multiple linear and logistic regression, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors. ResultsFactor D (per SD) significantly associated with LGI (0.171 SD [0.137; 0.205]), ED (0.158 SD [0.123; 0.194]) and CVD (OR 1.15 [1.04; 1.27]) but not significantly with cIMT (−6.62 μm [-13.51; 0.27]) or ABI (−0.003 [-0.007; 0.001]). Interaction analyses show that factor D more strongly associated with ED in non-diabetes (0.237 SD [0.189; 0.285] than in T2D (0.095 SD [0.034; 0.157]), pinteraction <0.05. These results were largely corroborated by additional analyses with C3 and C3a. In contrast, factor D inversely associated with cIMT in non-diabetes (−13.37 μm [-21.84; −4.90]), but not in T2D (4.49 [-7.91; 16.89]), pinteraction <0.05. ConclusionsPlasma factor D is independently associated with LGI, ED, and prevalent CVD but not with ABI or cIMT. Hence, greater plasma factor D concentration in CVD may potentially induce complement activation which, in turn, might contribute to further disease progression via a process that may involve inflammation and endothelial dysfunction but was not directly related to atherosclerosis or arterial injury. The observation that, in participants without diabetes, factor D associated with worse ED but smaller cIMT warrants further investigation.