Abstract
The design of transplantable scaffolds for tissue regeneration requires gaining precise control of topographical properties. Here, we propose a methodology to fabricate hierarchical multiscale scaffolds with controlled hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties by employing capillary force lithography in combination with plasma modification. Using our method, we fabricated biodegradable biomaterial (i.e., polycaprolactone (PCL))-based nitrogen gas (N-FN) and oxygen gas plasma-assisted flexible multiscale nanotopographic (O-FMN) patches with natural extracellular matrix-like hierarchical structures along with flexible and controlled hydrophilic properties. In response to multiscale nanotopographic and chemically modified surface cues, the proliferation and osteogenic mineralization of cells were significantly promoted. Furthermore, the O-FMN patch enhanced regeneration of the mineralized fibrocartilage tissue of the tendon–bone interface and the calvarial bone tissue in vivo in rat models. Overall, the PCL-based O-FMN patches could accelerate soft- and hard-tissue regeneration. Thus, our proposed methodology was confirmed as an efficient approach for the design and manipulation of scaffolds having a multiscale topography with controlled hydrophilic property.
Highlights
Designing functional scaffolds to effectively replace, repair, or engineer human tissues and organs is one of the most powerful strategies in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering[1,2]
We fabricated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved polycaprolactone (PCL)-based N2 gas- (N-flexible nanotopographic (FN)) or O2 gas plasmaassisted multiscale nanotopographic (O-FMN) patches that showed natural extracellular matrix (ECM)-like hierarchical structures, including highly aligned nanoscale matrix with nanosized pores (~100 nm), along with flexible and controlled hydrophilic properties. Using these oxygen gas plasma-assisted flexible multiscale nanotopographic (O-FMN) patches as scaffolds, we investigated the influence of the multiscale hierarchical topography and chemically modified surface cues on the proliferation and osteogenic mineralization of cells
We conducted the hydrophobic recovery analysis to confirm the maintenance of hydrophilicity and the storage period of scaffold surfaces in air and room temperature conditions immediately after the plasma treatment
Summary
Designing functional scaffolds to effectively replace, repair, or engineer human tissues and organs is one of the most powerful strategies in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering[1,2]. The functional groups of plasma-treated patches manipulate scaffolds with controlled multiscale surface properties for cell and tissue engineering[25,26].
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