Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) is crucial for understanding the processes of ecological restoration in semi-arid regions. However, partitioning the relative influence of various biodiversity attributes, namely taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity, on EMF during secondary succession is still unclear. This study aimed to bridge the gap by employing field measurements and the chronosequence approach at 21 plots with different stand ages and precipitation conditions on the Loess Plateau of China. For diversity indices, we calculated the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s dominance index, Pielou evenness index, community weighted mean (CWM), functional variance (FDvar), and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (PD) based on the empirically measured composition and traits of plant species. The EMF was expressed as the averaged value of eight function variables (including aboveground biomass, root biomass, soil total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus content, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen and available phosphorus content). The results showed that species evenness and CWM of leaf dry matter content (LDMC) significantly increased yet the CWM of specific leaf area (SLA) decreased with stand age, indicating the resource-use strategy of the plants became more conservative through succession into its later stages. The EMF increased with both stand age and mean annual precipitation. The structural equation model revealed that stand age, soil water content (SWC), and the multiple diversity indices altogether accounted for 56.0% of the variation in the EMF. PD and the CWMs of plant height and LDMC had positive effects on the EMF, and the FDvar of leaf nitrogen had negative effects on EMF. However, the Shannon Wiener diversity had no significant effect on the EMF. Our results suggest that functional and phylogenetic diversity are more important than taxonomic diversity in predicting EMF, and that multidimensional biodiversity indices should be jointly considered to better predict EMF during the succession of semiarid grasslands.
Highlights
It is increasingly recognized that ecological restoration is vital for mitigating the loss of biodiversity and improving ecosystem functioning in semiarid regions (He et al, 2016; Zuo et al, 2017; Jing et al, 2019)
The diversity indices were significantly correlated with stand age except for FDvar of leaf phosphorus (LP) and Ht (Table 2)
Species evenness significantly increased with stand age at SD and SM while the H and D decreased at AS, whereas all taxonomic diversity indices were insignificantly correlated with stand age at YG
Summary
It is increasingly recognized that ecological restoration is vital for mitigating the loss of biodiversity and improving ecosystem functioning in semiarid regions (He et al, 2016; Zuo et al, 2017; Jing et al, 2019). The shifts in community composition and biodiversity during secondary succession were usually associated with changes in ecosystem processes and functions (Purschke et al, 2013; Kelemen et al, 2017). The single factor studies usually neglect the tradeoffs between multiple ecosystem functions (Allan et al, 2015) and limit or even bias our understanding of their relationship (Byrnes et al, 2014). Multifunctionality is defined as the ability of ecosystems to simultaneously provide multiple ecosystem functions or services (Nelson et al, 2009; Xu Y. et al, 2021b). EMF is essentially an integrative metric that embodies multiple ecosystem functions, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the overall functioning of an ecosystem (Manning et al, 2018)
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