Abstract
Wind energy is an alternative to meet the growing energy demand and protect the environment; however, in places with limited wind resources, only the installation of small horizontal-axis wind turbines (SHAWTs) is profitable. At the height of these turbines, the wind is usually unstable with gusts and turbulence due to obstacles in its path such as buildings and trees. The pitch angle must be adaptable to guarantee nominal rotation speed, and it is commonly regulated with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback controller. This controller works well when the wind is stable, but not with drastic changes in wind speed. To correct this problem, this article introduces a PID controller with automatic adjustment of the gain values using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The PID gain adjustment allows an optimal response speed of the system for different wind conditions. The membership functions of the FLC are determined from a methodology that includes: The measurement of the wind speed at a calculated distance, a statistical analysis of the wind variability, and a dynamic analysis of the wind path. In this way, it is possible to anticipate the response of the actuator to the arrival of a gust of wind to the rotor. The algorithm is implemented in 14 kW SHAWTs where the difference in performance with a conventional controller is quantified. Satisfactory results were obtained, the electrical output increased by 7%, and the risk of rotor damage due to vibrations or mechanical fatigue was reduced by 20%.
Highlights
IntroductionThe generation of large amounts of electricity is necessary to meet the growing demand; generating it through natural renewable resources is essential for the care of the environment
It speed is served that the wind turbine beginsthetoresult rotate with a wind o observed that the wind turbine begins to rotate with a wind speed of 1 m/s, so the cut-in wind speed set
This article presented a methodology for designing a PID controller with self-adjusting gains by an fuzzy logic controller (FLC)
Summary
The generation of large amounts of electricity is necessary to meet the growing demand; generating it through natural renewable resources is essential for the care of the environment. Wind energy has had great momentum in recent years. The Global Wind Energy Council reported 60.4 GW of new installations in 2019, and a global capacity of 651 GW and an expectation of growth of more than 100 GW in annual installations over the decade [1]. The technological trend points to the development and construction of increasingly large wind turbines. The highestcapacity wind turbine is produced by Siemens Gamesa that generates 14 MW of nominal power, has a swept area diameter of 222 m, and requires an annual average wind speed of 10 m/s [2]
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