Abstract
The exposure to plant defense chemicals has negative effects on insect feeding activity and modifies insect gut microbial community composition. Dendroctonus valens is a very destructive forest pest in China, and harbors a large diversity and abundance of gut microorganisms. Host pine defensive chemicals can protect the pines from attack by the holobiont. In this study, boring length of D. valens feeding on 0 mg/g α-pinene and 9 mg/g α-pinene concentration in phloem media for 6 and 48 h were recorded, and their gut bacterial communities were analyzed in parallel. Nine milligram per gram α-pinene concentration significantly inhibited boring length of D. valens and altered its gut microbial community structure after 6 h. The inhibition of boring length from 9 mg/g α-pinene in diets ceased after 48 h. No significant differences of the bacterial communities were observed between the beetles in 0 and 9 mg/g α-pinene concentration in phloem media after 48 h. Our results showed that the inhibition of the feeding behavior of D. valens and the disturbance to its gut bacterial communities in 9 mg/g α-pinene concentration in phloem media after 6 h were eliminated after 48 h. The resilience of gut bacterial community of D. valens may help the beetle catabolize pine defense chemical.
Highlights
Gut microbiota are ubiquitous for insect herbivores and are often critical to insect biological performance and ecological functioning, such as augmentation of nutritional availability [1,2,3], protection of insects from pathogens and parasites [4,5], facilitation of pheromone production [6,7], and detoxification of harmful toxins produced by the host plant defense system [8,9]
The current study evaluated the influence of chemical defensive chemical α-pinene on the gut microbiota of Chinese D. valens in vivo using high throughput pyrosequencing approach, and results showed that the concentration of host defensive monoterpene α-pinene in diets altered the gut bacterial community of D. valens (Figure 3)
We found that the relative percentage of Erwinia in 9 mg/g α-pinene 6 h feeding group increased compared to other groups (Table 2)
Summary
Gut microbiota are ubiquitous for insect herbivores and are often critical to insect biological performance and ecological functioning, such as augmentation of nutritional availability [1,2,3], protection of insects from pathogens and parasites [4,5], facilitation of pheromone production [6,7], and detoxification of harmful toxins produced by the host plant defense system [8,9]. The defensive chemicals of host plants along with decreased nutrition adversely affect insects’ growth and development [16], which can influence herbivore’s gut microbial community compositions when herbivores feed on plant tissues [17,18,19]. OMroll.dSwci.i2d01e6,, w17,h1i7c3h4 has caused extensive conifer tree mortality and economic damag2eof[1220–23]. Feudrethgerramdoarteio, nat[t3h3e].community Tlehveelr, eadmtuetrapgeenntoimnee-bweiedtelest(uRdTyB)o,fDasesnodcrioactetodnmusicvraolbeinostaLoefCDonentder(oSctcoonluystipnoaned)e,roissaae svheorwy eddesthtraut ctive pest imnaCnyhignean,easnbdelownagsinignttorosdevuecreadl gteonCerhaianrae iinnvtohleveedairnlyd1ef9e8n0ssivferotemrpeNnoerdthegAramdaetrioicna[3a3n]d. has caused mortalityTohfe mreidlltiuornpsenotfinheebaeltehtlye (pRiTnBe),trDeeensdr[o2c3t,o3n4u]s. vTalhenes dLievCeornstiety(Socfoltyhtienageu),t ibs aacvteerryiadhesatsrubcetievne well invespmtieogsrtattianelidtCyhuoisnfianm,gailnlciduonlwtsuaorsefinhdtereaopldtehunycdepdeinntoet mCtrheeeitnshao[2idn3,,3tha4en].deTahrsleoymd1i9ev8eo0rsfsifttryhoemofgNtuhoterbtghaucAttembraeicartiechraiaaavnhedabshebaeesnecnapuwrsoeevdllen to simuilntavnesetoiguastleyd huesilnpgpcruoldtuurecedethpeenpdhenetrommetohnoed,vaenrdbesnoomneeoof fthDe.gvuatlebnasctaenrida hdaevgerabdeeen2p0r%ov–e5n0%to host defenssimivuelctahneemouicsalyl αh-eplpinpernoed[u7c,e9]t.hMe peahnerwomhiolen,ethveertboelneorannecoefoDf .thvraeleensDa. nvdalednesggraudteb2a0c%te–r5ia0%tohdoisffterent concednetfreantsiovne schoefmαic-palinαe-npeineanre s[7p,e9]c.ieMs-edaenpwehnildee, ntht e[9t]o.leAralntcheouofghthwreee Dkn. ovwalenths egutot xbiacctaecrtiiavittoies of α-pindeinfferetontbcootnhceDn.trvaatiloens aonf dαi-tpsingeunte baarcetesrpieaci[e9s,-3d5e,p36en],dtehnet i[n9]fl. uAenlthceouogfhαw-peinkennoewonthtehetofxeiceding behavaicotirvoitfieDs .ovf aαl-epnisneannedtiotsbogtuhtDb.avcatelernisalancodmitms guuntibtyacstterruiact[u9,r3e5,i3n6]v, itvhoe insflliuttelneckenoof wα-np.inTehnee goonatlhoef this studyfewedainsgtobeshtuavdiyorhoofwD.pvianleends eafnednsitisvgeucthbeamctiecraiallαc-opminmeunneitiynsflturuecntuceres ifneevdivinogisbliethtlaevkinoorwonf.DT.hvealens, and tgoofaul rotfhtehristestsutdwyhweaths etor stthuedcyhheomwicpainl eindfleufeennscivees cihtsemguictabl aαc-pteinrieanlecionmflumenucneistyfesetdriuncgtbuerhea. vior of
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