Abstract
Contamination of aquatic ecosystems by various sources has become a major worry all over the world. Pollutants can enter the human body through the food chain from aquatic and soil habitats. These pollutants can cause various chronic diseases in humans and mortality if they collect in the body over an extended period. Although the phytoremediation technique cannot completely remove harmful materials, it is an environmentally benign, cost-effective, and natural process that has no negative effects on the environment. The main types of phytoremediation, their mechanisms, and strategies to raise the remediation rate and the use of genetically altered plants, phytoremediation plant prospects, economics, and usable plants are reviewed in this review. Several factors influence the phytoremediation process, including types of contaminants, pollutant characteristics, and plant species selection, climate considerations, flooding and aging, the effect of salt, soil parameters, and redox potential. Phytoremediation’s environmental and economic efficiency, use, and relevance are depicted in our work. Multiple recent breakthroughs in phytoremediation technologies are also mentioned in this review.
Highlights
With the help of much technical improvement, our world is progressing at an astounding rate
The information in the review study will allude to the role of plants in mitigating metal pollution, resulting in a phytoremediation outlook of 40 years
Phytoremediation has proven to be a viable alternative to traditional treatments since it is cost-effective, environmentally beneficial, and aesthetically pleasing [74]
Summary
With the help of much technical improvement, our world is progressing at an astounding rate. The presence of toxic chemicals is a prevalent scenario and has a remarkably dangerous effect on the environment [17,18] Some of these metals, such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Co, are essential for certain species in their various physiological functions, but excessive amounts harm the organisms [19]. Biological factors such as microbes, plants, and so on provide environmentally friendly and cost-effective methods of removing metal contents and decontaminating the environment from pollution at a safe and acceptable level [2,29]. Phytoremediation is a practical, dependable, environmentally friendly, long-term practicable, and cost-effective method of decontaminating an area from toxic metal pollution [30,31,32]. This study may pave the path for developing a sophisticated model to rescue the environment from metal pollution
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