Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are also part of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are considered to be especially toxic to humans (carcinogenic), likewise to plants, microorganisms and other living organisms. PAHs soil contamination occurs by storage leaking, transport loss, the land disposal of petroleum waste, and accidental or intentional spills. Due to their ubiquitous occurrence, recalcitrance, bioaccumulation potential and carcinogenic activity, PAHs are a significant environmental concern. The methods of controlling and repairing PAH-contaminated soils mainly include physical remediation, chemical remediation and phytoremediation. However, there was an increasing focus on phytoremediation technologies as a result of their unique advantages, including low cost, lack of secondary pollution and large-area application. Phytoremediation is therefore one of the soil remediation technologies with the greatest potential.
Highlights
Petroleum-based commodities are the primary source of energy for manufacturing and everyday living throughout the age of industrialization
Lignolytic fungi can perform these metabolising methods as an alternative for bacteria, and they may be more effective than some bacteria because this fungus contains special enzymes that play an important role in the initial attack on high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are found in the soil
Plants are used in phytoremediation to remove, uptake, or render harmless various environmental pollutants in water and soil, such as organic compounds, heavy metals, and including radioactive compounds [44]
Summary
Petroleum-based commodities are the primary source of energy for manufacturing and everyday living throughout the age of industrialization. According to the toxicity levels, two, three, and seven-ring PAHs are less carcinogenic than four, five, and six-ring PAHs. Aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants, such as benzene, have been linked to skin, lung, bladder, and stomach malignancies. Lignolytic fungi can perform these metabolising methods as an alternative for bacteria, and they may be more effective than some bacteria because this fungus contains special enzymes (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, laccase) that play an important role in the initial attack on high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are found in the soil.
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