Phytohormone metabolism in human cells: Cytokinins are taken up and interconverted in HeLa cell culture.

Abstract

Cytokinins (CKs) encompass a group of phytohormones, known to orchestrate many critical processes in plant development. Excluding Archaea, CKs are pervasive among all kingdoms, but much less is reported about their metabolism beyond plants. Recent evidence from mammalian tissues indicates the presence of six additional CK forms beyond the previously identified, single mammalian CK, N6‐isopentenyladenosine (i6A). There is limited understanding of CK biosynthesis pathways in mammalian systems; therefore, human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells were used to further characterize CK processing by tracking the interconversion of CKs into their various structural derivatives in mammalian cells in a time‐course study. Through high‐performance liquid chromatography‐positive electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐(+ESI)‐MS/MS), we document changes in the functional profiles of endogenous CKs in a human cell line following metabolism by HeLa cell cultures. The nucleotide CK fraction (iPRP) was found exclusively within the cell pellet (0.34 pmol/106 cells), and the active free base (FB) form (iP) and riboside fraction (iPR) were found in greater abundance extracellularly (1.67 and 0.10 nmol/L respectively). For further confirmation, we demonstrate that HeLa cells metabolize an exogenously supplied CK, N6‐benzyladenosine (BAR). In the HeLa culture supernatant, a 12‐fold decrease in BAR concentration was observed within the first 24 hours of incubation accompanied by a fivefold increase in the FB form, N6‐benzyladenine (BA). These findings support the hypothesis that HeLa cells have the enzymatic pathways required for the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous CKs.