Abstract
Simple SummaryGlobal concern around and heightened sensitivity to emerging drug-resistant superbugs have energized scientists to search for new alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Powered by consumer demand for natural products and due to their beneficial effects on growth performances, phytogenics have become very popular and favorable alternatives. However, their mode of action has not been fully defined. Here, we showed that supplementation of phytogenics (AVSSL and SG) in water modulates peripheral metabolic pathways (reduction in hepatic fatty acid synthesis, mobilization of fat stores, and enhancement of muscle protein synthesis), which might explain, at least partly, their effect on feed efficiency improvement in broilers. A ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has fueled and promoted scientific research towards the identification of reliable and effective alternatives. The supplementation of phytogenics AV/SSL12 (AVSSL) and Superliv Gold (SG) in water has been shown to improve broiler feed efficiency (FE) via modulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides. However, their effects on peripheral metabolic pathways are still unknown. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of AVSSL and SG on lipid and protein metabolism-associated pathways in various tissues. Day-old male Cobb 500 chicks (n = 288) were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups, with 8 replicates of 12 birds each. The treatment groups were fed a basal diet and supplemented with AVSSL or SG in the drinking water at a rate of 2, 4, and 7 mL/100 birds/d during the starter, grower, and finisher phases, respectively. The control group were fed a basal diet with no additive supplementation. On d 35, liver, adipose, and muscle tissue were collected from one bird per pen (8 birds/group). Data were analyzed using Student’s T-test to compare one treatment group to the control using Graph Pad Prism version 6.0 for Windows. In the liver, the levels of phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACCα) were significantly increased in both the AVSSL and SG groups compared to the control. The hepatic expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) was significantly downregulated in both treated groups compared to the control. AVSSL supplementation downregulated the hepatic expression of SREBP-2 and adiponectin (AdipoQ), while SG administration upregulated hepatic AdipoR1/R2 mRNA abundances compared to the untreated group. Both AVSSL and SG treatments upregulated hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) gene expression compared to their untreated counterparts. In the adipose tissue, the levels of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) at Ser855/554 site were increased in both the AVSSL and SG groups compared to the control. However, ATGL protein expression was decreased in SG compared to the untreated group. In the muscle, the levels of phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) were increased in the AVSSL, but decreased in the SG group compared to the control. Collectively, these data indicate that supplementation of the phytogenics AVSSL and SG in water reduced hepatic lipogenesis-related proteins and increased adipose tissue lipolysis- and muscle protein synthesis-associated targets, which might explain, at least partially, the improvement in FE observed in previous research.
Highlights
A ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has energized scientific research to identify reliable and effective alternatives
In water reduced hepatic lipogenesis-related proteins and increased adipose tissue lipolysis- and muscle protein synthesis-associated targets, which might explain, at least partially, the improvement in feed efficiency (FE) observed in previous research
Supplementation of AVSSL and Superliv Gold (SG) deactivated ACCα via increasing the levels of phosphorylated ACCα at Ser79 site compared to the control (Figure 1a,b and Figure 2a,b)
Summary
A ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has energized scientific research to identify reliable and effective alternatives. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, organic acids, antimicrobial peptides, and phytogenics are among the various groups of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics that have gained popularity in animal production research [1,2,3,4]. Phytogenic additives have been well reviewed and reported to have beneficial effects such as improvement in growth performance [5,6,7,8]. In addition to improvement in zootechnical parameters, phytogenic additives were found to have additional beneficial effects including antimicrobial and antioxidant activity [9,10], enhancement of gut integrity and intestinal barrier function [7,11,12]), and an increase in nutrient digestibility [13]. Despite several published papers regarding the effect of phytogenic additives in poultry, the molecular mechanisms through which these additives exert their positive effects are not well defined
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