Abstract
Chemically nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) involve the synthesis of toxic products, which restrict their biological applications. Hence, we developed a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient green chemistry method for the fabrication of NiONPs using fresh leaf broth of Rhamnus triquetra (RT). The RT leaves broth was used as a strong reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent in the formation of RT-NiONPs. The color change in solution from brown to greenish black suggests the fabrication of RT-NiONPs which was further confirmed by absorption band at 333 nm. The synthesis and different physicochemical properties of RT-NiONPs were investigated using different analytical techniques such as UV-Vis (ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), DLS (dynamic light scattering) and Raman. Further, RT-NiONPs were subjected to different in vitro biological activities and revealed distinctive biosafe and biocompatibility potentials using erythrocytes and macrophages. RT-NiONPs exhibited potential anticancer activity against liver cancer cell lines HUH7 (IC50: 11.3 µg/mL) and HepG2 (IC50: 20.73 µg/mL). Cytotoxicity potential was confirmed using Leishmanial parasites promastigotes (IC50: 27.32 µg/mL) and amastigotes (IC50: 37.4 µg/mL). RT-NiONPs are capable of rendering significant antimicrobial efficacy using various bacterial and fungal strains. NiONPs determined potent radical scavenging and moderate enzyme inhibition potencies. Overall, this study suggested that RT-NiONPs can be an attractive and eco-friendly candidate. In conclusion, current study showed potential in vitro biological activities and further necessitate different in vivo studies in various animal models to develop leads for new drugs to treat several chronic diseases.
Highlights
Nanotechnology deals with different approaches to synthesize materials ranging from 1 to100 nm, at least in one dimension, and have unique properties, such as small size, surface charge, porosity, high surface energy, and high surface area/volume (S/V) ratio, which enhance their catalytic properties and interaction with other molecules
Supernatant was achieve this purpose, 100 mL filtered Rhamnus triquetra (RT) leaves extract was steadily mixed with 1 gm NiNO3 salt pellet containing nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) was carefully washed 3 times with distilled water to remove uncoordinated followed by continuous heating (70 °C) and stirring at 500 rpm for 2 h to achieve homogeneous
These biomolecules can act as a base source, bioreductant, stabilizers, and capping agents for the convenient synthesis of NiONPs
Summary
Nanotechnology deals with different approaches to synthesize materials ranging from 1 to. NiONPs are fabricated via different physical and chemical approaches These synthesis routes face several challenges as they utilize costly metal salts, organic solvents, toxic reducing agents (sodium borohydrides, hydrazine hydrate, sodium citrate and Gallic acid), stabilizing and capping agents (thiols, amines, sodium citrate), and demand expensive equipment. These approaches are expensive at the industrial scale, and cause some undesired effects on human life and the surrounding environment, and may result in cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, restricting their utilization in biomedical purposes [9]. Considering biological and therapeutic potential of R. triquetra-NiONPs, different biological activities; anticancer, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory assays were performed
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