Abstract
Galium aparine L., family Rubiaceae, is a widely spread species in the Galium genus. The herb of G. aparine is part of folk remedies and dietary supplements. In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition and immunomodulatory activities of G. aparine herb ethanolic extracts obtained from the plant material by maceration with 20%, 60% or 96% ethanol. The contents of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and polyphenols were determined spectrophotometrically, with extractives and polysaccharides quantified gravimetrically. The qualitative composition was studied using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis; isolation not previously described in G. aparine quercetin rhamnoglucoside was carried out through column chromatography, and the immunomodulatory activity of extracts was determined in the reaction of lymphocyte blast transformation. Major constitutes of extracts were iridoids, i.e., monotropein, 10-desacetylasperulosidic acid and asperulosidic acid; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, i.e., 3-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acids and caffeic acid derivatives; flavonoids, i.e., rutin, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoglucoside-7-O-glucoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucorhamnoside. Significantly, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoglucoside-7-O-glucoside was first isolated and identified in Galium species so far investigated. All G. aparine herb ethanolic extracts stimulate the transformational activity of immunocompetent blood cells, with 96% ethanolic extract being the most active. The data obtained necessitate further research into the mechanisms of immunomodulatory activity of extracts from G. aparine herb.
Highlights
Disturbances of the immune system lead to the development and complications of chronic diseases.Numerous studies have proved that the restoration of immune system function is a prerequisite for the successful therapy of various illnesses [1,2]
The phytochemical screening of G. aparine herb ethanolic extracts revealed the presence of polysaccharides only in Extract I (20% EtOH, v/v), whereas flavonoids and phenolic acid derivatives were detected and identified in all samples under study, and the results obtained correspond with previous studies [17,18,19,20,21,22]
Different ethanolic extracts from G. aparine herb were studied for its chemical composition and immunomodulatory activity
Summary
Disturbances of the immune system lead to the development and complications of chronic diseases. Numerous studies have proved that the restoration of immune system function is a prerequisite for the successful therapy of various illnesses [1,2]. The development of the immune response is the result of the cooperative impact T-, B-lymphocytes and macrophages, associated with activation, proliferation and differentiation of immunocompetent cells. Specific immunostimulants include thymus preparations, interleukins, interferons, biologically active peptides, polysaccharides of certain fungi and therapeutic vaccines, whose effect is explained through their ability to influence the metabolism of cells and body tissues and activate immunocompetent cells. Numerous studies look into the immunomodulative activities of saponins [5,6,7,8]
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