Abstract
The Morella salicifolia bark is used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of toothache, headache and stomachache in the eastern Ethiopia. The stem bark of the plant was sequentially extracted with: petroleum ether, chloroform and chloroform/methanol (1:1) using Soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical screenings tests were conducted on of stem bark this plant extracts were performed on petroleum ether, chloroform and chloroform/methanol (1:1) crude extracts. The results showed presence of alkaloid, tannins, saponins, flavonoid, protein, and triterpenoids in the petroleum ether extract; alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, protein, triterpenoid and absence of saponins chloroform extract; tannin, flavonoid, triterpenoid and absence of alkaloid, tannin, saponins and protein in the chloroform/methanol (1:1) extract. Volatile oil of the stem bark of plant was analyzed by GC-MS and it constitute 14 compounds among which the major compounds were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (29.40%), (Z)-9‑octadecenoic acids and methyl ester (28.64%). The volatile oil and crude extracts of the stem bark were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity by disk diffusion method. The highest activity was exhibited by volatile oil, CHCl 3 /MeOH (1:1) and petroleum ether extract against Shigela flexneri , Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae with an inhibition diameter of 21.66, 17.66 and 18.00 mm, respectively. KEY WORDS : Antimicrobial activity, Disk diffusion, Morella salicifolia , GC-MS analysis Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2019 , 33(2), 293-306. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v33i2.10
Highlights
Herbal plants produce and contain a variety of chemical substances that act upon the body [1]
The highest activity was exhibited by volatile oil, petroleum ether and CHCl3/MeOH (1:1) extract against Streptococcus agalactiae, Shigela flexneri and Escherichia coli with diameter of 21.7 mm, 18.0 mm and 17.7 mm, respectively (Figure 3a-d, Table 3)
Stem bark of Morella salicifolia is used locally for treatment of various diseases. Based on this ethnobotanical information, phytochemical analysis, volatile oil analysis and antimicrobial activity tests of stem bark of M. salicifolia were performed and it can be concluded that various phytochemicals are present in the stem bark of this plant such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, protein and triterpenoids
Summary
Herbal plants produce and contain a variety of chemical substances that act upon the body [1]. Qualitative screening of various solvent extracts of stem bark of M. salicifolia was performed for the identification of various classes of active chemical constituents like: alkaloids, tannis, saponins, flavonoids, protein, triterpenoid and terpenod in the plant. Test for terpenoids: To 0.5 g of each (petroleum ether, chloroform and chloroform/methanol 1:1) crude extracts were added 1 mL of concentrated H2SO4 and heated for 2 min. Test for saponins: To 0.5 g of each (petroleum ether, chloroform and chloroform/methanol 1:1) crude extracts were added 2 mL of distilled water, shaken well and formation of 1 cm layer of foam indicates presence of saponins [33]. Chloroform and chloroform/methanol (1:1) extract of stem bark of M. salicifolia and its essential oil were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial assay by using the paper disc diffusion method. Chloramphenicol is used as a positive control and corresponding solvent is used as a negative control
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