Abstract
Objective: The main objectives of the research are to determine the phytochemical content and toxicity of stingless bee propolis from various provinces in Indonesia.
 Methods: Phytochemical testing of alkaloids and triterpenoids on propolis used a qualitative method, while for testing phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins using quantitative methods. Then, to test the toxicity of stingless bee propolis using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method.
 Results: Propolis with the highest alkaloid and triterpenoid content is Central Java propolis from Tetragonula laeviceps species. Then, propolis with the highest total flavonoid content is South Sulawesi propolis of Tetragonula biroi species. Propolis with the highest total tannin content and total phenolic content is South Sulawesi propolis from Geniotrigona incise species. Propolis with the highest toxicity is Banten propolis from T. laeviceps species.
 Conclusion: Stingless bee propolis from various provinces in Indonesia contains various phytochemicals and toxicities. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between total flavonoid content and propolis toxicity.
Highlights
Propolis is a substance derived from plant resins collected by bees and mixed with enzymes found in bee salivary glands and is commonly used to protect the hive [1,2]
Araújo et al and Mahani et al [7,8] reported that differences in the composition of active compounds or phytochemicals in propolis could affect propolis toxicity
The parameters tested included the phytochemical content of alkaloids, triterpenoids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannins, and propolis toxicity
Summary
Propolis is a substance derived from plant resins collected by bees and mixed with enzymes found in bee salivary glands and is commonly used to protect the hive [1,2]. Stingless bee propolis has several advantages, such as a higher yield, and the phytochemical composition is more diverse [3]. The geographical location affects the composition of propolis produced [4,5]. The different geographic locations allow there to be different species of bees and plant origin sources. According to Cauich-Kumul and Segura [6], propolis in different locations can contain different phytochemicals. Araújo et al and Mahani et al [7,8] reported that differences in the composition of active compounds or phytochemicals in propolis could affect propolis toxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical content and toxicity of propolis
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