Abstract
BackgroundAlnus nitida (Spach) Endl. is traditionally used for inflammatory disorders. Diarylheptanoids constituents having diverse therapeutically importance including hepato-protective was reported in A. nitida. The aim of this study was to explore the antioxidant and hepato-protective profile of A. nitida stem bark’s crude methanol extract (ANM).MethodsCrude methanol extract of A. nitida stem bark and its derived fractions were assessed for phytochemical classes and in vitro antioxidant profiling by multidimensional assays. Hepato-protective assessment of ANM was investigated on rats, which were made hepatotoxic using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Additionally HPLC-DAD analysis of ANM, and its derived ethyl acetate and aqueous fraction was carried out to determine the presence of active constituents.ResultsQualitative analysis of crude extract-and its fractions depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, phenols and flavonoids. Maximum quantity of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was recorded in ANM and its derived fractions; n-hexane (ANH), chloroform (ANC), ethyl acetate (ANE) and the residual aqueous (ANA). ANM exhibited the best total antioxidant capacity, total reducing power, and scavenging of DPPH and OH radicals. ANE and ANA exhibited strong scavenging potential for iron chelation, nitric oxide and β-carotene bleaching assay. ANM treatment converse the activities of serum-marker enzymes and lipid profile, altered by CCl4 treatment in rat. CCl4 induced hepatic-cirrhosis in rat resulted in decrease of antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase-which were restored towards the normal level with ANM. Similarly diminished level of reduced glutathione while enhanced level of lipid peroxides, hydrogen peroxide and nitrite in liver of cirrhotic rats was normalized by treatment of ANM. The histopathological studies of liver tissues also represented that ANM possessed the hepato-protective activity. HPLC-DAD analysis against eight known standards confirmed the presence of gallic acid, catechin and rutin in ANM and in ANA while in ANE gallic acid was only detected.ConclusionBased on the results of antioxidants, restoration of various antioxidant enzymes and histopathological studies, the recent study concludes that antioxidant potential of A. nitida bark might protect the liver damages.
Highlights
Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. is traditionally used for inflammatory disorders
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG), (DTNB), glutathione (GSH),1,2-dithio-bis-nitroLbenzoic-acid (DTNB), glucose6-phosphate, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), sodium tungstate, perchloric acid (PCA), 2,6dichlorophenolindophenol, reduced glutathione (GSH), sodium hydroxide, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), sodium tungstate, glucose-6phosphate, rutin, catechin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, apigenin, quercetin, myricetin, and kampferol were bought from Sigma Chemicals Co., USA were used
Taken together our results showed the hepatoprotective effect of A. nitida bark against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity both by in vitro and in vivo evaluation techniques
Summary
Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. is traditionally used for inflammatory disorders. Diarylheptanoids constituents having diverse therapeutically importance including hepato-protective was reported in A. nitida. It is deliberated that utilization of plant-based antioxidants could be associated with reduced risk of occurrence of numerous human diseases narrated to the oxidative stress [3]. Antioxidants have long been known to protect the biological system through inhibition or deterrence of oxidation stress tempted by reactive oxygen substances produced during usual metabolic activities or environmental factors [4]. Liver is subordinated with vital functions such as it sustains and normalizes the homeostasis in body It plays an astounding role in human body as it mediates several biochemical pathways such as body defense against diseases, energy production, and for source of nutrition [7]. The liver injury is recruited by the various noxious agents produced by chemicals, viruses or by their bio-activation to chemically reactive metabolites. Natural extracts /products from medicinal plants are considered to be effective for the management of liver disorders [8]
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