Abstract
BackgroundDryopteris ramosa has numerous potentials uses in the treatment of different maladies as old traditional medication. The fronds of D. ramose are edible and orally administered for producing antibiotic effect. They are also used as astringent and febrifuge, and as a pesticide.MethodsExtraction of fronds of D. ramosa using solvents of increasing polarity, namely, ethyl acetate, methanol and water were tested for phytochemical (qualitative tests, GC-MS), antimicrobial (well method), antioxidant (DPPH), antifungal (tube dilution), cytotoxic activity (brine shrimps lethality assay) and LOX and COX inhibitory activities were performed using standard methods.ResultsThe phytochemical analysis of the crude methanolic extract revealed that the fronds are rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides and triterpenoids. The total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction was 46.28 μg QE/mg extract. The GC-MS analysis revealed nine major compounds that constituted the crude drug and potentially had a role in reported activities. The crude extract was the most active amongst all the fractions against the bacterial and fungal strains used such that it inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa with a zone of 13 mm and a MIC value of 16 μg/ml as compared to the standard cefixime, which inhibited the zone by only 10 mm and a MIC value of 32 μg/ml. The highest antioxidant potential in DPPH assay was shown by the crude extract with 91.948% free radical scavenging activity. The bring shrimps lethality potential of the crude extract was the highest, with a LD50 value of 47.635 μg/ml. The ethyl acetate fraction inhibits 91.36% of alpha glucosidase enzyme at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. In case of acetylcholine esterase inhibition assay, the methanol fraction inhibits 58.26% of the enzyme activity. Similarly, for butyrylcholine esterase inhibition, the maximum inhibitory effect was seen in the methanol fraction, with a percentage inhibition of 47.32%.ConclusionThese test results support traditional medicinal uses of the plant. Dryopteris ramosa could be imperative for being used as a therapeutic agent and the medicinal importance of this plant should be further investigated.
Highlights
Dryopteris ramosa has numerous potentials uses in the treatment of different maladies as old traditional medication
Phytochemicals in fronds The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract showed that secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, triterpenes, phenols and glycosides are found to constitute the phytochemical profile of the fronds Table 1
The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the crude methanolic extract of Dryopteris ramosa fronds revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, triterpenoids and tannins etc
Summary
Collection of plant material The plant was collected from Galyat, Pakistan. Identified by a botanist, Dr Manzoor Hussain and was placed in the herbarium at the botany department of Hazara University Mansehra with voucher specimen no. (BDHUD.R-088/17). It was allowed to be completely dried at room temperature and the weight of the crude methanolic extract was calculated. After complete evaporation of methanol in each test tube, 10 nauplii along with 4.5 ml of sea water was taken and incubated for 24 h. The qualitative identification tests of the crude methanolic extract was carried out by using standard protocols with slight modification in the procedure [11, 12]. Acetylcholine esterase inhibition assay The inhibition potential of the extracts against acetylcholine esterase enzyme was determined with slight modification in the protocols according to system availability [14]. Butyrylcholine esterase inhibition assay The inhibition potential of the extracts against acetylcholine esterase enzyme was determined with slight modification in the protocols according to system availability [15]. The compounds were identified using NIST library by comparing the mass spectrum fragmentation patterns
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