Abstract
Artemisia species are important traditional medicinal plants of Ethiopia which are used for the treatment of infection and non-infection health problems. The genus Artemisia (Astraceae) consists of about 500 species worldwide. In this study, the main aim was to investigate chemical components of Artemisia spp. (A. abyssinica, A. absinthium and A. annua) and evaluate their antimicrobial activities against bacterial strains. The results indicated that the crude extract of these plants was effective against selected bacterial strains. Here we isolated the well-known antimalarial drug artemisinin (7 mg, 0.004%) from Artemisia annua leaves using a rapid n-hexane fractionation method. The n-hexane extract of A. abyssinica, ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium and n-hexane of A. annua showed varying degrees of inhibiting effect against bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 T, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC13076T, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC1053T, boydii ATCC1233T, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 T, hospital acquired Acinetobacter baumannii. The ethyl acetate extract of Artemisia absinthium (A.abe) showed the maximum inhibiting effect (35 mm) against A. baumannii. The minimum zone of inhibition (< 3 mm) was recorded for test extract of A.ap against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC1053T. Ethyl acetate extract of A, absinthium (A.abe) was more effective against these selected bacterial strains and the zone of inhibition ranged from 5 to 35 mm. The minimum inhibition zone (8 mm) was detected against S. typhimurium ATCC 13311 T for both A.ac and n-hexane- EtOAc fraction (8:2) of A, abyssinica. The maximum zone of inhibition (25 mm) for fraction (A.ach F4) of A, abyssinica obtained by column chromatography was recorded against S. pyogen ATCC 19,615. However, there was no zone of inhibition detected for boydii ATCC1233T due to these test extracts. Significant variations (P ≥ 0.05) were observed between all test extracts of these medicinal plants at 95% of confidence intervals. In this study, clear zones of inhibition were detected for the positive control (standard impregnated disks). Based on our results we recommend that various species of Artemisia spp. seem to have the potential for in-depth investigation for various antimicrobial activities that assisting the effort in searching for antimicrobial lead compounds.
Highlights
The practice of exploiting natural products, the flora and fauna, to alleviate pain and to cure diseases of humans as well as domestic animals is as old as the history of human civilization
The 13C, DEPT, 1H -NMR spectral data of the compound was identified by comparison of its 1H, 13C NMR spectral data with those reported for artemisinin (Cafferata et al 2009; Margueritte et al 2018)
Dahnum et al (2012) isolated artemisinin using extraction of A. annua with methanol while stirring, portion of the methanol extract with n-hexane followed by column chromatography
Summary
The practice of exploiting natural products, the flora and fauna, to alleviate pain and to cure diseases of humans as well as domestic animals is as old as the history of human civilization. In Ethiopia, these medicinal plants have a unique and diverse botanical heritage with diverse topography, vegetables, and various climatic conditions (Asefa et al 2020) These Artemisia species have been reported in Asia, Europe, and North America. Widespread throughout the world, are one of the widely known plants in folk and modern medicine preparations They are frequently used for the treatment of diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, cancer, inflammation and infections by fungi, bacteria and viruses. The same Artemisia species have been reported in western Canada (Lopes-Lutz et al 2008) These medicinal plants have been cultivated in some parts of Ethiopia for its natural aroma and applied during ritual conditions and referred to adbar (Yineger et al 2007). The wide utilization of the above three Artemisia species for various diseases of infectious and non-infectious origins triggered us to investigate their chemical compositions and evaluate their in vitro effects against some group of infectious bacteria
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