Abstract
Endotoxic shock was induced in five apparently healthy male buffalo calves by i.v infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin at 5microgram/kilogram (μg/Kg) body weight/hour (BW/hr) for 3 hours. Endotoxin infusion caused clinical signs of restlessness, respiratory distress, snoring, diarrhoea, profuse salivation along with the significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypokalemia in all the animals. The animals were observed up to day 4 or death, whichever was earlier. The treatment with one time intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution @ 4milliliter/Kilogram body weight (ml/Kg?BW), dextran-40 @ 10 ml/Kg?BW, flunixin meglumine @ 1.1 milligram/Kg?BW (mg/Kg?BW) and blood @ 20 ml/Kg?BW to these animals alleviated the clinical signs and significantly raised the circulating glucose level at 4.5 and 5.5 hrs. The treatment led to survival of three of the five endotoxemic buffalo calves. The significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypokalemia and hypoglobulinemia continued even after treatment. Gross and histopathologic findings of congestion, haemorrhage, necrosis in vital organs viz., lungs, liver, kidneys, brain and intestines were suggestive of endotoxin induced hypoxia and multi-organ failure. Additionally, emphysema and fibrinous thrombi in microvasculature of lungs were salient histopathological findings indicating terminal respiratory failure in the remaining two dead endotoxemic buffalo calves. From clinical signs, plasma chemistry and pathological lesions, it was concluded that endotoxemia led to a disruption of critical life processes, but a timely and effective treatment could counter these deleterious effects and save precious lives.
Highlights
Endotoxic shock is an acute circulatory failure occurring in the presence of severe infection and represents an imbalance between the body’s oxygen demand and supply
The present investigation was planned with the objectives to study the major physio-pathological changes during induced endotoxemia in buffalo calves and the effects of treatment regimen of hypertonic saline solution, Dextran-40, Flunixin meglumine and whole blood infusion on these profiles
Three endotoxemic buffalo calves out of five animals survived beyond the observation period, whereas, the remaining two buffalo calves died during the observation period
Summary
Endotoxic shock is an acute circulatory failure occurring in the presence of severe infection and represents an imbalance between the body’s oxygen demand and supply. It is principally of the distributive type, cardiogenic and hypovolemic components may be involved [1]. Animal models remain essential for the development of new therapeutic regimens of endotoxic shock, which can’t be replicated by in-vitro studies [4]. The studies could help in finding suitable therapeutic regimens applicable in other species of animals and man
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