Physiological characteristics of microbial transformation during chronic exposure to triclosan as a hydrophobic antibacterial agent and post-antibacterial cessation

Abstract

ABSTRACT The use of triclosan (TCS) in hygiene products and other materials raises concerns about increased antimicrobial resistance. Research has shown that bacteria can develop resistance to TCS, but there is limited understanding of how bacterial behavior changes after TCS is removed. This study focuses on how bacteria adapt to prolonged TCS exposure and recover after its removal. It aims to improve practices for using antimicrobial agents in sanitation products and emphasize the importance of understanding exposure and recovery times to prevent resistance development. The study evaluated the bacterial behavior, determining the minimum inhibition concentration of TCS that 90% of Escherichia coli was inhibited (MIC90), predicting bacterial growth kinetics using the Modified Gompertz model and membrane permeability recovery. Bacteria showed a significant increase in resistance levels during exposure, with the MIC90 steadily increasing over 30 days and peaking at 16 mg/L. Upon removal, there was a notable 2-fold decrease in resistance after 10 days of reculturing in a non-chemical medium, likely due to restructuring changes in cell membranes. Therefore, in addition to reducing the occurrence of antibacterial agents in the environment, advanced treatments for eliminating antibacterial resistance should be performed on wastewater before being discharged into the environment.