Abstract
The production of biodiesel using vegetable oil is an effective way to meet growing energy demands, which could potentially reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate grape seed (Vitis vinifera), Philippine tung (Reutealis trisperma), and kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) oils as potential feedstocks for biodiesel production to meet this demand. Firstly, biodiesels from these oils were produced and then their fatty acid methyl ester profiles and physicochemical properties were evaluated and compared with palm biodiesel. The results showed that the biodiesel produced from grape seed oil possessed the highest oxidation stability of 4.62 h. On the other hand, poor oxidation stability was observed for Philippine tung biodiesel at 2.47 h. The poor properties of Philippine tung biodiesel can be attributed to the presence of α-elaeostearic fatty acid. Furthermore, synthetic antioxidants (pyrogallol) and diesel were used to improve the oxidation stability. The 0.2 wt.% concentration of pyrogallol antioxidant could increase the oxidation stability of grape seed biodiesel to 6.24 h, while for kesambi and Philippine tung, biodiesels at higher concentrations of 0.3% and 0.4 wt.%, respectively, were needed to meet the minimum limit of 8 h. The blending of biodiesel with fossil diesel at different ratios can also increase the oxidation stability.
Highlights
Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources used to support economic growth and are intricately woven into our daily lives
The research in the past has indicated that the composition of fatty acids has a direct effect on some of the most important physicochemical properties of biodiesel, such as oxidation stability, kinematic viscosity, and cold flow properties
It is important to note that the highest percentage of total unsaturated fatty acid of grape seed biodiesel was mainly attributed to the high percentage of linoleic acid (C18:2) at 70.2%, in agreement with the results reported by Fernández et al [55]
Summary
Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources used to support economic growth and are intricately woven into our daily lives. The excessive exploitation of fossil fuel has caused the depletion of reserves and negatively affected the environment, especially in relation to transportation [1]. At this moment, the most crucial issue is global warming due to fossil fuel combustion, which creates carbon dioxide [2,3]. The most crucial issue is global warming due to fossil fuel combustion, which creates carbon dioxide [2,3] Because of this negative environmental impact, researchers have tried to find alternative energy sources. Solar and wind energy are very promising; they are only available for a certain period and required storage devices. There are two types of biofuel currently used for vehicles, namely bioethanol, which replaces gasoline, and biodiesel
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