Abstract
The eminent aim for advance wound management is to provide a great impact on the quality of life. Therefore, an excellent strategy for an ideal wound dressing is being developed that eliminates certain drawbacks while promoting tissue regeneration for the prevention of bacterial invasion. The aim of this study is to develop a bilayer hybrid biomatrix of natural origin for wound dressing. The bilayer hybrid bioscaffold was fabricated by the combination of ovine tendon collagen type I and palm tree-based nanocellulose. The fabricated biomatrix was then post-cross-linked with 0.1% (w/v) genipin (GNP). The physical characteristics were evaluated based on the microstructure, pore size, porosity, and water uptake capacity followed by degradation behaviour and mechanical strength. Chemical analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrated a uniform interconnected porous structure with optimal pore size ranging between 90 and 140 μm, acceptable porosity (>70%), and highwater uptake capacity (>1500%). The biodegradation rate of the fabricated biomatrix was extended to 22 days. Further analysis with EDX identified the main elements of the bioscaffold, which contains carbon (C) 50.28%, nitrogen (N) 18.78%, and oxygen (O) 30.94% based on the atomic percentage. FTIR reported the functional groups of collagen type I (amide A: 3302 cm−1, amide B: 2926 cm−1, amide I: 1631 cm−1, amide II: 1547 cm−1, and amide III: 1237 cm−1) and nanocellulose (pyranose ring), thus confirming the presence of collagen and nanocellulose in the bilayer hybrid scaffold. The XRD demonstrated a smooth wavy wavelength that is consistent with the amorphous material and less crystallinity. The combination of nanocellulose with collagen demonstrated a positive effect with an increase of Young’s modulus. In conclusion, the fabricated bilayer hybrid bioscaffold demonstrated optimum physicochemical and mechanical properties that are suitable for skin wound dressing.
Highlights
Wound dressing is used to stimulate and accelerate skin tissue repair
To cater for all aspects of wound care treatment and its complexity, various models of a wound dressing with different morphologies and properties have been created such as alginate, collagen, and chitosan to be used as films, foams, hydrogels, hydrocolloids, or scaffolds
For a chronic wound that deviates from the normal healing physiological stages, a further challenge is imposed on tailoring the wound dressing to meet the severity of the wound [2,3]
Summary
Wound dressing is used to stimulate and accelerate skin tissue repair. An ideal dressing should adhere well to the wound interface, maintain a balanced moist environment, allow gaseous exchanges, remove excess exudates, and act as a protective barrier against microorganisms [1,2]. A multi-competent dressing with better synergistic and complementary effects is to be expected for addressing the interdependent aspects within all stages of wound care management. These hybrid dressings are intended to treat superficial, partial, and full-thickness wounds, as well as acute or chronic wounds
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