Abstract
The existence of such anomaly energetically offers the possibility of the palladium-atom electrons shifting spontaneously to higher levels, i.e., from the 4d level to a 5s level to form a hole in the 4d shell of palladium. It is noteworthy that holes are formed in atomic shells only in the metal state and not in the gaseous state where the atoms are "isolated" from each other. From a course in secondary school, it is known that when the metal state is formed only one electron from the 4d shell of each palladium atom is collectivized; these electrons together with the gas-forming free electrons ensure the existence of metallic interatomic-bonding forces. The presence of holes in the shells of transition-metal atoms, which create new hybridized electronic states in the atoms, can change such important physical properties of these metals as electrical conductivity, heat capacity, etc. Therefore, in the physics of transition metals, it is necessary to know the average number of holes per atom for adequate description of their properties. The analysis [1] of publications on this issue has shown that for metallic palladium, there are at least three values of the average number of holes per atom at present: 0.36 (36%), 0.6 (60%), and 0.72 (72%) [2–4].
Published Version
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