Physical Gold Nanoparticle-Decorated Polyethylene Glycol-Hydroxyapatite Composites Guide Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Chiung-Chyi Shen,Huey-Shan Hung,Yi-Chin Yang,Kai-Bo Chang,Hsiang-Chun Chang,Cheng-Ming Tang,Shan-Hui Hsu,Hsien-Hsu Hsieh,Chun-An Yeh

doi:10.3390/biomedicines9111632

Abstract

In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with hydroxyapatite (HA), with the incorporation of physical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), was created and equipped through a surface coating technique in order to form PEG-HA-AuNP nanocomposites. The surface morphology and chemical composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle assessment. The effects of PEG-HA-AuNP nanocomposites on the biocompatibility and biological activity of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells, endothelial cells (EC), macrophages (RAW 264.7), and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as well as the guiding of osteogenic differentiation, were estimated through the use of an in vitro assay. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory, biocompatibility, and endothelialization capacities were further assessed through in vivo evaluation. The PEG-HA-AuNP nanocomposites showed superior biological properties and biocompatibility capacity for cell behavior in both MC3T3-E1 cells and MSCs. These biological events surrounding the cells could be associated with the activation of adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation processes on the PEG-HA-AuNP nanocomposites. Indeed, the induction of the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by PEG-HA-AuNP nanocomposites and enhanced mineralization activity were also evidenced in this study. Moreover, from the in vivo assay, we further found that PEG-HA-AuNP nanocomposites not only facilitate the anti-immune response, as well as reducing CD86 expression, but also facilitate the endothelialization ability, as well as promoting CD31 expression, when implanted into rats subcutaneously for a period of 1 month. The current research illustrates the potential of PEG-HA-AuNP nanocomposites when used in combination with MSCs for the regeneration of bone tissue, with their nanotopography being employed as an applicable surface modification approach for the fabrication of biomaterials.

Highlights

This phenomenon implies that the additive interacts with the oxygen atoms in the polyethylene glycol (PEG) segment, causing the carbon atoms in the segment to be exposed to the surface
The hydrophilicity property of materials is critical for the attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) through cell adhesion molecules
These findings indicate that PEG-HA-AuNPs and PEG-AuNPs may lead to higher MMP expression levels in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) than those in MC3T3 cells

Summary

Introduction

Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based artificial bonesubstitute materials are highly attractive due to their better biocompatibility, degradability, Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1632. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1632 and mechanical properties which enhance bone regeneration [1,2]. Different types of bone biomaterials including ceramics, polymers, decalcified matrices, bioactive glasses, hydroxyapatite (HA), and collagen (Col) have been widely applied for use as essential components for bone tissue regeneration [7,8,9,10]. Certain principal polymers, such as polyesters, poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly (glycolide) (PGA), and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), have been extensively certified due to their superior mechanical and physical properties for bone tissue regeneration [11,12]. HA ceramics have a disadvantage due to their poor hydrophilic properties for bone tissue regeneration [13]

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