Physical evaluation of hygroscopic cloud seeding in convective clouds using in situ observations and numerical simulations during CAIPEEX

Abstract

The hygroscopic cloud seeding is conducted over the rain shadow region of the Indian peninsula with an airborne field experiment and radar observations. Physical evaluation of hygroscopic seeding is illustrated with in situ microphysical observations and numerical simulations in convective clouds. Large raindrops were formed near the tops of the cloud, as documented by aircraft observations and model simulations with spectral bin microphysics scheme. Scattering particle number concentration and refractory black carbon in the cloud residue were found up to 4 km in the seeded cloud. The cloud residue measurements of scattering particles and the cloud droplet number concentration showed good agreement in the cloud cores and that has reduced drastically in the cloud edges. Numerical simulations with bin microphysics using observed (background and flare) particle spectra were conducted. Fairly good agreement is noted for the cloud drop size distributions from in situ measurements and numerical simulation. The clouds developed downwind of the seeded area showed further organized convection and longevity and relative enhancement of rainfall as illustrated by the radar observations and the numerical simulations compared to unseeded clouds. The investigation has also brought out the nonlocal impact of the seeded plumes and the new challenges in documenting extra area effects of seeding in the monsoon environment.