Temporal characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground flashes from tropical thunderstorms

Abstract

The occurrence of positive cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes proves to be a challenging task when compared to the negative CG flash which common happen in tropical region. This due to the positively charged clouds to reach higher altitudes to enable the transfer of electrical charges to the Earth's surface. With several sensors that deployed in the Malacca region (2.314077°N, 102.318282°E) such as the wide band fast and slow antenna, magnetic field sensors, and the electric field mill (EFM-100). This research study focuses on the temporal characteristics of positive CG lightning activity in the tropical region during September and October 2021. A total of 203 positive cloud-to-ground flashes were meticulously analyzed in the context of 16 thunderstorm events. Key findings highlight the consistent initiation of positive cloud-to-ground flashes through initial breakdown (IB) pulses, followed by the development of stepped leaders and subsequent return strokes. Notably, most positive cloud-to-ground events (72%) were observed as single strokes and the maximum multiplicity recorded being four subsequent return strokes. Furthermore, the analysis focuses into the temporal aspects of these lightning events, revealing average durations for various parameters, including rise-time (6.26 μs), zero-crossing (26.43 μs), pulse duration of the first RS (139.76 μs), and the interval from the first IB to the first return stroke (134.19 ms). Additionally, the recorded data from the Electric Field Mill (EFM) instruments together with Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator (CAPPI) radar demonstrate a notable correlation. Specifically, the electric field (E-field) values exhibit a discernible increase when positive cloud-to-ground lightning events are detected near the lightning sensor.