Abstract
Employment and the effect of eco-friendly bismuth oxide nanoparticles (BiONPs) in bio-cement were studied. The standard method was adopted to prepare BiONPs-composite. Water was adopted for dispersing BiONPs in the composite. A representative batch (2 wt. % of BiONPs) was prepared without water to study the impact of water on composite properties. For each batch, 10 samples were prepared and tested. TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) performed on composite showed 0.8 wt. % losses in samples prepared without water whereas, maximum 2 wt. % weight losses observed in the water-based composite. Presence of BiONPs resulted in a decrease in depth of curing. Three-point bending flexural strength decreased for increasing BiONPs content. Comparative study between 2 wt. % samples with and without water showed 10.40 (±0.91) MPa and 28.45 (±2.50) MPa flexural strength values, respectively, indicating a significant (p < 0.05) increase of the mechanical properties at the macroscale. Nanoindentation revealed that 2 wt. % without water composites showed significant (p < 0.05) highest nanoindentation modulus 26.4 (±1.28) GPa and hardness 0.46 (±0.013) GPa. Usage of water as dispersion media was found to be deleterious for the overall characteristics of the composite but, at the same time, the BiONPs acted as a very promising filler that can be used in this class of composites.
Highlights
IntroductionIn the emerging field of biotechnology, there has been a constantly increasing development of smarter biocompatible materials
The secondary electron image of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis highlights the bismuth oxide nanoparticles (BiONPs) in the composite (Figure 4)
Electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the solid-state thermo-chemical method is a useful technique to obtain a homogeneous structure of BiONPs
Summary
In the emerging field of biotechnology, there has been a constantly increasing development of smarter biocompatible materials. Development of these materials aimed at improving their bioactivity and interactions with cells [1,2]. Polymers and cement are well appreciated in in-vivo and in-vitro biomedical applications due to their aesthetic, injecting, and molding abilities [5,6,7]. During the past fifty years, polymer-cement composites have been studied intensively [8,9,10]. Bio-cements were introduced in 1960 [11,12] for biomedical applications specially in reconstruction of bony defects and to stabilize implanted devices [13,14]
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