Abstract
Abstract: Using 440 images and a mixed methods approach, this study analyzed the physical linguistic landscape (PLL) and the virtual linguistic landscape (VLL) of Dearborn, Michigan, which is the largest concentration of Arab Americans in the U.S. Findings revealed that in addition to its PLL, Dearborn possesses a comprehensive VLL. Arabic is the dominant minority language represented in both linguistic landscapes (LLs), but its presence serves distinct functions in each. Whereas the PLL primarily displays commercial content, Dearborn’s VLL is more oriented toward community events as well as advocacy regarding political, cultural, religious, health, and other social issues. Arabization, Muslimization, and Islamization are palpable across both linguistic landscapes (LLs) and at times have triggered xenophobic incidents. Our findings suggest that data from the PLL alone were insufficient to assess the linguistic landscape of Dearborn’s Arab community objectively and holistically. The inclusion of VLL data facilitated a more complete and precise assessment. This is critical because Dearborn’s VLL is used as a safe space to denounce and confront those who seek to silence or marginalize Arab American narratives and perspectives. The VLL also functions as a multilingual avenue to combat bigotry and institutional racism, as well as to build strong relationships and coalitions among Arab and non-Arab residents within Dearborn. Finally, the VLL serves as a tool to propagate the Muslim faith, maintain Islamic religious traditions, and preserve the Arabic language for future generations.
Published Version
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