Abstract
Bondarzewia is a conspicuous and widely distributed mushroom genus, but little is known about its origin and biogeography. Here, we investigated the systematics and biogeography of Bondarzewia species using multi-locus phylogenetic analysis. Four genetic markers, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large nuclear ribosomal RNA subunit (nLSU), elongation factor 1-α (tef1) and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA (mtSSU), were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships of Bondarzewia. We performed Bayesian evolutionary analysis on the gene datasets of the largest and second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2). From the results, we inferred that the maximum crown age of Bondarzewia is approximately 25.5 million-years-ago (Mya) and that tropical East Asia is likely to be its ancestral area, with three possible expansions leading to its distribution in North America, Europe and Oceania.
Highlights
Previous studies of Bondarzewia were mainly based on morphological characters, and three species from North and South America were confirmed[10,11,12]
Five new species and three new combinations were established with clear interspecific affinities: B. dickinsii and B. occidentalis group together and show a close relationship; B. podocarpi, B. propria, B. kirkii and B. retipora cluste together and from two sister groups with different hosts; B. submesenterica and B. tibetica are closely related with B. mesenterica
The monophyletic genus Bondarzewia originated in the tropical zone of East Asia and has diverged since 25.54 ± 0.17 Mya (15.65–37.18 Mya, 95% HPD)
Summary
Previous studies of Bondarzewia were mainly based on morphological characters, and three species from North and South America were confirmed[10,11,12]. Recent molecular studies on basidiomycetous fungi determined the divergence between Basidiomycota and Ascomycota (i.e., 582 Mya) based on a 400-million-year-old fossil of Paleopyrenomycites devonicus[13,14,15,16]. We carried out multi-locus phylogenetic analyses with five ribosomal DNA genes and one mitochondrial gene, i.e., ITS, nLSU, elongation factor 1-α(tef1), the largest and second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2, respectively), and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA (mtSSU). These genes are common in fungi identification which could delimitate the species very well
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