Abstract
This study brings the analysis of phylogenetic tree and amino acid sequences of Neuraminidase (NA) from the influenza A virus that can infect a wide variety of birds and mammals. We have analyzed strains of three different years (2005; 2006 & 2007) of H5N1 from different country to investigate the antiviral resistance patterns with respect to reported mutant positions of amino acids. We found that similar types of amino acids near the reported mutated positions of several H5N1 strains that may cause reduce sensitivity to Neuraminidase and its inhibitors. The analysis of phylogenetic tree reveals some diverse strains of H5N1 which can show antigenic drift.
Highlights
The sudden emergence and spread of the swine-derived influenza virus from Mexico led to the displacement of the oseltamivirresistant seasonal H1N1 virus by the new A (H1N1) pdm 09 virus
Neighbor joining method and bootstrap value shows that this diverse strain is showing antigenic drift which may transfer to the other avian in the same country or other different country as well through migratory process
We found some avian amino acid position N295S, N294S, H275Y, H274Y, S247N, S246N, E119V and I222Rare specific reported position which can be responsible for N1 (H1N1) neuraminidase mutations causing reduced sensitivity to Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) [38,40,41]
Summary
The sudden emergence and spread of the swine-derived influenza virus from Mexico led to the displacement of the oseltamivirresistant seasonal H1N1 virus by the new A (H1N1) pdm 09 virus. The anti-influenza drugs are usually classified according to their target in the viral life-cycle Such antiviral molecules are used as inhibitors of the following processes: attachment of the virus to host cell receptors, endocytosis and fusion of viral and cell membranes, replication and transcription of the viral genome, synthesis of viral proteins, assembly of the viral progeny and release of the new virions into the outside environment. The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (orally administered oseltamivir and inhaled zanamivir) are currently an important class of antiviral drugs available for the treatment of seasonal and pandemic influenza. Several mutations in seasonal or pandemic strains confer resistance to oseltamivir, which is currently the most widely used drug These mutations are found mainly in the framework of the enzyme and they appear to destabilize drug binding to the target enzyme, thereby reducing viral susceptibility to the treatment [16,17]. Migratory birds can carry pathogens from country to country thereby playing a role distributing influenza viruses
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