Abstract
Cyanines derived from heptamethines were mainly discussed regarding their functionalization to broaden the solubility in different surroundings exhibiting either hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties and to tailor made the ΔGet photopysical properties with respect to absorption and fluorescence. Electrochemical properties were additionally considered for some selected examples. The cyanines chosen comprised as end groups either indolenine, benzo[e]- or benzo[cd]indolium pattern, which facilitated to shift the absorption between 750–1000 nm. This enabled their use in applications with light sources emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) region selected from high power LEDs or lasers with line-shaped focus. The absorbers considered were discussed regarding their function as sensitizer for applications related to Chemistry 4.0 standards. These were mainly photopolymer coatings, which can be found for applications in the graphic industry or to protect selected substrates. The huge release of heat on demand upon turning ON or OFF the NIR light source enables them for photothermal treatment in processes requesting heat to initiate either chemical (activated reactions) or physical (melting, evaporation) events.
Highlights
Cyanines have received in the class of polymethines big attention within the last hundred years [1,2,3,4]
A digital twin created by data analysis using machine learning algorithms can describe the relation of the factors in sum. This overview clearly demonstrates the potential of NIR absorbers for distinct applications NIR has been still in its infancy in the field of photopolymerization
A certain existing lack regarding the function of light confirms such opinions since NIR light has been always considered as source to provide heat and not to initiate chemical and physical processes of molecules
Summary
Cyanines have received in the class of polymethines big attention within the last hundred years [1,2,3,4]. The use of NIR-LEDs exhibiting high excitation intensity brought more light in this field and helped to understand the function of existing intrinsic barrier in such systems comprising cationic cyanines in photoinduced electron transfer systems [65]. Among of the disclosed applications, photopolymerization depicts one representative method where the absorber uptakes the function of a sensitizer to generate initiating radicals and conjugate acid [13,14,15,16,17,58,65].
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