Photonic lantern based real-time modal instability diagnostic tool for high power lasers

Abstract

We demonstrate a fast and versatile approach to analyze the modal content of a high power fiber amplifier using a low-loss photonic lantern. By monitoring the first three modes of the photonic lantern on a photodetector we can directly determine the modal content of a laser beam, enabling real time diagnostics of the output and its corresponding beam quality factor, M². We first investigate the beam quality and modal content of the output of a passive LMA double clad fiber commonly used as a delivery fiber in high power fiber laser amplifiers. The output of the fiber is analyzed by both a 6-mode mode-selective photonic lantern and a conventional M² setup utilizing a translation stage and beam profiler. The modal content and beam quality measurements produced in real-time by the photonic lantern are compared to the M² measurements resulting in an RMS error less than 0.098 across M² values between 1.020 to 2.260. We then conduct a follow on experiment using the same photonic lantern to monitor modal instability in a large mode area fiber laser amplifier. In this case, we compare our photonic lantern mode analysis approach versus the commonly used RIN/pinhole method evaluating modal instabilities. Not only does the photonic lantern estimate the modal content and beam quality in real-time but the modal content trends with the RIN metric as the fiber laser amplifier progresses from stable regime below 300W through the chaotic transverse modal instability regime above 400W.