Abstract
The discovery of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century AD in Cantillana (Seville) generated interest and the need for exhaustive documentation, so that it could be recreated with real measurements in a 3D model, not only to obtain an exact replica, but with the intention of analyzing and studying the behavior of two main geomatics techniques. Thus, the objective of this study was the comparative analysis of both techniques: near object photogrammetry by SfM and terrestrial laser scanner or TLS. The aim of this comparison was to assess the use of both techniques in archaeological excavations. Special attention was paid to the accuracy and precision of measurements and models, especially in altimetry. Mosaics are frequently relocated from their original location to be exhibited in museums or for restoration work, after which they are returned to their original place. Therefore, the altimetric situation is of special relevance. To analyze the accuracy and errors of each technique, a total station was used to establish the real values of the ground control points (GCP) on which the comparisons of both methods were to be made. It can be concluded that the SfM technique was the most accurate and least limiting for use in semi-buried archaeological excavations. This manuscript opens new perspectives for the use of SfM-based photogrammetry in archaeological excavations.
Highlights
In the 1980s, the Total Station without reflector (TPS) was introduced; in the 1990s GPS (Global Positioning System) [1] was introduced; at the beginning of the century, in the 2000s, LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging or Laser Imaging Detection And Ranging) [2] was introduced
It reveals areas in which there is no representation of the points obtained with Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) or, more precisely, that they remain hidden under the SfM model
It was observed that the marble area, that of the sink, was the one area that was influenced the most in the data acquisition with TLS, obtaining points below the elevation determined by the total station, probably because the porosity of the material produced a slight delay in the reflection of the signal emitted by the scanner
Summary
In the 1980s, the Total Station without reflector (TPS) was introduced; in the 1990s GPS (Global Positioning System) [1] was introduced; at the beginning of the century, in the 2000s, LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging or Laser Imaging Detection And Ranging) [2] was introduced. HDS (High Definition Surveying) emerged as a powerful technology in terms of speed, accuracy, accuracy, detail, and cost. This system is often referred to as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), or sometimes as terrestrial LiDAR. The first commercial TLS system was built by Cyra Technologies in 1998 and was later acquired by Leica in 2001 [3]. The price, size, and weight of laser scanners have fallen at a rapid rate, and the improvement of spatial resolution and measurement speed has improved [5]
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