Photochemical degradation of sunscreen agent 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid in different water matrices

Abstract

The occurrence of sunscreen agents in natural environment is of scientific concern recently due to their potential risk to ecology system and human beings as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In this work the photodegradation mechanism and pathways of sunscreen agent 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) were investigated under artificial solar irradiation with the goal of assessing the potential of photolysis as a transformation mechanism in aquatic environments. The quantum yield of PBSA direct photolysis in pH 6.8 buffer solution under filtered mercury lamp irradiation was determined as 2.70 × 10−4. Laser flash photolysis (LFP) experiments confirmed the involvement of PBSA radical cation (PBSA+) during direct photolysis. Acidic or basic condition facilitated PBSA direct photolysis in aqueous solution. Indirect photolysis out-competes direct photolysis as a major process for PBSA attenuation only at higher level of photosensitizers (e.g., NO3− > 2 mM). Thus, direct photolysis is likely to be the major loss pathway responsible for the elimination of PBSA in natural sunlit surface waters, while indirect photolysis (e.g., mediated by HO) appeared to be less important due to a general low level of steady-state concentration of HO ([HO]ss) in natural surface waters. Direct photolysis pathways of PBSA includes desulfonation and benzimidazole ring cleavage, which are probably initiated by the excited triplet state (3PBSA∗) and radical cation (PBSA+). Conversely, hydroxylation products of PBSA and 2-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole as well as their ring opening intermediates were found in nitrate-induced PBSA photolysis, suggesting the indirect photodegradation was primarily mediated by HO and followed a different mechanism.