Photocatalysis of carbamazepine via activating bisulfite by ultraviolet: Performance, transformation mechanism, and residual toxicity assessment of intermediates products

Abstract

Carbamazepine (CBZ) as an extensively distributed emerging pollutant has menaced ecological security. The degradation performance of CBZ by UV driven bisulfite process was investigated in this work. The kinetics results indicated that CBZ was high-efficiently degraded by UV/bisulfite following a pseudo first-order kinetic model (Kobs = 0.0925 min−1). SO4•− and •OH were verified as the reactive oxidants by EPR test and the radicals scavenging experiment using MeOH and TBA. SO4•− played a dominant role for CBZ degradation. The Density functional theory (DFT) and LC-qTOF-MS/MS clarified that hydroxylation, ketonation, ring opening reaction, and ring contraction were main transformation patterns of CBZ. As to influence factors, CBZ degradation was significantly hindered in presence of CO32−, HPO42− and NOM. Toxicological analysis derived from metabonomics suggested that the remarkable alteration of metabolic profile was triggered by exposure to intermediates mixture. CBZ intermediates interfered in several key metabolic pathways, including pentose phosphate, amino acids, lysine degradation, glycerophospholipid, glutathione, nucleotides and carbohydrate, which was alleviated after UV/bisulfite treatment. This work provided a meaningful support to potential risk of CBZ intermediates products, which shed light on the future application in eliminating drugs using UV /bisulfite.