Phosphorus Dynamics in the Soil–Plant–Environment Relationship in Cropping Systems: A Review

Rodolfo Lizcano-Toledo,Emilia Fernández-Ondoño,Marino Pedro Reyes-Martín,Luisella Celi

doi:10.3390/app112311133

Abstract

This work performs a review of the relevant aspects of agronomic dynamics of phosphorus (P) in the soil–plant relationship as a community (crop ecophysiology), the effect of environmental conditions and global warming on the redistribution and translocation of P in some crop, and the use of good agricultural practices with the aim of improving the efficiency of the element. The research focuses on Northern Europe, North-Eastern Asia, Oceania, North America, and the tropical area of Latin America. This review covers general research and specific works on P found in the literature, 70% of which date from the last 10 years, as well as some older studies that have been of great relevance as references and starting points for more recent investigations. The dynamics of P in a system implies taking into account genetic aspects of the plant, component of the soil–plant–fertilizer–environment relationship, and use of technologies at the molecular level. In addition, in a climate change scenario, the availability of this element can significantly change depending on whether it is labile or non-labile.

Highlights

Phosphorus is a key macronutrient for the growth and development of crops
Simple superphosphates (SSP), triple superphosphates (TSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP), apart from being used in traditional ways, are the most soluble P sources and the ones that provide the highest efficiency for crops, they are the ones that contribute most to environmental pollution
The search terms were carried out according to the following entries: P in different types of environments, oxide reduction processes, role of Phosphorus in the biological fixation of N, conventional and alternative sources of P in agriculture, effect of climate change in soil availability, stoichiometric ratio C:N:P, and dynamics of P in the soil–plant relationship; we looked for peer-reviewed studies that report on the use of 32P isotope in agriculture

Summary

Introduction

Phosphorus is a key macronutrient for the growth and development of crops. It participates in the synthesis of phospholipids and nucleotides, which are structural components of cells and their membranes. Sci. 2021, 11, 11133 have identified the so-called agricultural diffuse pollution of P [20], that is, water pollution arising from a broad array of human activities for which the pollutants have no obvious point of entry into receiving watercourses [21]. This pollution comes mainly from crop fertilizers applied to the soil [22,23]. Crops absorb P from the soil through the diffusion process, but the diffusion coeffithe soil solution is limited,

Phosphorus cycle and and N