Abstract
Present study aims to explore English loanwords into Dhani dialect of Punjabi language. It focuses on which English words have been borrowed and what kind of phonological adaptations they undergo. It is a qualitative and descriptive study. Data were collected through recordings from thirty participants engaged in general conversation in real life situations in Chakwal district of Rawalpindi Division, Punjab province, Pakistan. Participants were selected through simple random sampling technique. Results retrieved from analysis of the collected data show that English loanwords undergo different phonological strategies i-e substitution, addition, epenthesis and deletion. Substitution is the most prominent whereas deletion is the least prominent of all strategies. Analysis also highlights educational implication of the study.
Highlights
1.1 Background to the StudyLoanwords are result of language contact situation. Trudgill (1992) and Crystal (2008) define loanwords as words that speakers introduce from one language into another
A few studies on Pakistani languages include western loanwords in modern Pashto (Penzl, 1961), vowel substitution: a comparative study of English loans in Punjabi and Urdu (Hussain, Mahmood, & Mahmood, 2011), phonological adaptation of English loanwords in Pahari (Khan & Bukhari, 2011), phonological adaptations of English words borrowed into Punjabi (Mahmood et al, 2011), phonological make-up of English loanwords incorporated into Punjabi via Urdu (Hussain, Mahmood, & Mahmood, 2012), Urdu loanwords in Pakistani English (Bilal, Warraich, Fatima, Tiwana, & Bhatti, 2012), linguistic study of borrowings from English to Urdu (Sipra, 2013), morphology of loanwords in Urdu (Mangrio, 2016) and phonological treatment of vowels in English loanwords by Saraiki speakers(Atta, Syed, & Bughio, 2017)
Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (Hornby & Cowie, 2015) was used to confirm etymology of loanwords and English transcription, whereas Center of Language Engineering (CLE) team at University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore Pakistan was consulted for authentic Dhani transcription
Summary
Loanwords are result of language contact situation. Trudgill (1992) and Crystal (2008) define loanwords as words that speakers introduce from one language into another. Punjabi is the major language of Punjab province and is spoken by 39% of the total population (Population Census, 2017) of the country. It has twenty major and minor dialects and Dhani (earlier written as Dhanni) is one of them. It is spoken in parts of Rawalpindi Division (Pothohar Plateau), Chakwal, and southern parts of Jhelum and Attock districts. It coexists with Urdu and English and borrows many words from languages spoken in the region
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