Abstract
The normal foreskin is generally non-retractable due to physiological adhesion between the glans and the inner surface of the foreskin. Phimosis can be primary without signs of scarring, or secondary (pathological) to scarring as balanitis xerotica obliterans. The diagnosis of phimosis and paraphimosis is made by physical examination. If the foreskin is not retractable, or only partially retractable, and forms a constrictive ring surrounding the glans penis, circumcision practiced for religious purposes or for prophylactic purposes remains the treatment of choice for balanitis and the white lichen.
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