Abstract
The transformation of wild plants into domesticated crops usually modifies a common set of characters referred to as ‘domestication syndrome’ traits such as the loss of pod shattering/seed dehiscence, loss of seed dormancy, reduced anti-nutritional compounds and changes in growth habit, phenology, flower and seed colour. Understanding the genetic control of domestication syndrome traits facilitates the efficient transfer of useful traits from wild progenitors into crops through crossing and selection. Domesticated forms of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) possess many domestication syndrome traits, while their genetic control remains a mystery. This study aimed to reveal the genetic control of yellow lupin domestication traits. This involved phenotypic characterisation of those traits, defining the genomic regions controlling domestication traits on a linkage map and performing a comparative genomic analysis of yellow lupin with its better-understood relatives, narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius L.) and white lupin (L. albus L.). We phenotyped an F9 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of a wide cross between Wodjil (domesticated) × P28213 (wild). Vernalisation responsiveness, alkaloid content, flower and seed colour in yellow lupin were each found to be controlled by single loci on linkage groups YL-21, YL-06, YL-03 and YL-38, respectively. Aligning the genomes of yellow with narrow-leafed lupin and white lupin revealed well-conserved synteny between these sister species (76% and 71%, respectively). This genomic comparison revealed that one of the key domestication traits, vernalisation-responsive flowering, mapped to a region of conserved synteny with the vernalisation-responsive flowering time Ku locus of narrow-leafed lupin, which has previously been shown to be controlled by an FT homologue. In contrast, the loci controlling alkaloid content were each found at non-syntenic regions among the three species. This provides a first glimpse into the molecular control of flowering time in yellow lupin and demonstrates both the power and the limitation of synteny as a tool for gene discovery in lupins.
Highlights
Plant domestication refers to the transformation of wild progenitor plants into crops meeting human needs that are well adapted to agricultural production (Diamond 2002)
A total of 156 yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) F 9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of a bi-parental cross of domesticated (Wodjil cultivar) × wild (Australian Lupin Collection accession P28213 originating in the Azores, 37° 44′ 28.5′′ N, 25° 40′ 33.0′′ W), along with parents were grown in experimental field area at CSIRO Floreat (31° 57′ 00.7′′ S, 115° 47′ 18.8′′ E), Perth, Australia
Effects could be observed as a clear positive correlation between time to flowering in vernalised and non-vernalised RILs, but with noise around the trend indicating that some RIL responded more strongly to vernalisation than others (Fig. 1)
Summary
Plant domestication refers to the transformation of wild progenitor plants into crops meeting human needs that are well adapted to agricultural production (Diamond 2002). Domestication of plant species occurred in different parts of the world over various time periods with the greatest intensity between 3000 and 12,000 years ago (Diamond 2002) This resulted in the genetic and morphological differences between domesticated plants and their wild progenitors for a common set of traits in many crop species referred to as the ‘domestication syndrome’ (Hammer 1984). Theoretical and Applied Genetics (2020) 133:2975–2987 as it allows them to complete their life cycle before the onset of terminal drought in Mediterranean-type environments and before autumn in cool temperate environments This earliness enabled the cultivation of lupins in new climates in Northern Europe and Australia (Taylor et al 2020)
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